单选题

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For many countries there are two legal means for obtaining technology. to permit multinational companies to conduct business within their borders and the use of licensing agreements. Japan rank high among the nations that have. gone to some lengths to keep foreign -owned companies out of industries connected with national defense, and the case of Japan is commonly cited for the idea that such a policy is feasible. In this case, multinational ownership is not important fox-the efficient transfer of technological information between nations; the use of licensing agreements is just as efficient.
For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate has been strengthened by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was not very secret. Japan's position has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that access to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an incentive for them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan's work force was literate and disciplined, so it was capable of applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies might take a large share of the world market if they were not limited by licensing agreements.
Conditions of this sort, coming together in one nation, may well be unique, and the case of Japan may therefore not actually demonstrate that licensing is just as efficient as multinational ownership for the transfer of technology. In fact, Japan may be finding this method of operation less effective than in the past, as her needs for outside technology now require information which belongs to only a few companies and is more closely held. Further- more, her need to use the markets of other countries is beginning to weaken its negotiating power she once had because of her control of her access to her internal market.

单选题 Which of the following is NOT a reason for foreign companies to be will ing to license the use of their technology?

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】本题为细节题。参见文中第二段。选项A与第二句相符，因日本所需的技术不是保密技术。选项B与第三句相符，日本以开放国内市场为条件来鼓励外国公司，以便获得技术使用权。选项C与第四句相符，日本拥有高素质的劳动力，他们有能力应用所获得的技术。而选项D与本段最后一句相反，欧美公司自己想借此增加其在国际市场的份额，故答案选D。

单选题 Japan is cited as an example of ______.

单选题 What is as efficient as the use of licensing agreements for the transfer of technology?

单选题 The last sentence of the passage indicates all but ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】文章最后两句提到日本过去获得技术的行之有效的办法已今非昔比。原因在于现在它所需要的技术仅为少数公司所有并不轻易转让。另外，过去它控制着国内市场的开放，因此在谈判桌上占有优势，而现在它对别国市场的需求开始削弱它的这种优势。综上所述，可知正确答案为C。