阅读理解
In 1637 the French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the person by the answers.
Inspired by Turing''s theory, the first conference on AI convened at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards an Al laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation''s leading AI proponents. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisp; but by the early 1990s AI itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decision" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
Machinery can outperform (胜过) humans physically. So, too, can computers outperform mental functions in limited areas notably, in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test: Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms. In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called paralleled processing, performing operations simultaneously. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some supercomputers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
Critics of the approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding, something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic. It involves perception, awareness, emotional preference, values, evaluation experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some proponents of AI have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
By the early 1990s, the closest approximation to Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal workings of neurons in the human cerebral cortex. Unlike the conventional silicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way a human brain cell works.
单选题
According to Turing, a computer can prove to have human-like intelligence in a special test if______.
单选题
In what way is the computer superior to the human brain?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】事实细节题。根据第三段的第二句话：电脑在一些方面超过了人脑，比较明显的是在数学计算速度方面，电脑一秒钟能做100亿次计算，这是人类无论如何达不到的，[B]为此句的同义表述。[A]项文中未提及。由第三段可知Turing 并没有对人脑和电脑进行特别的测试，只是对他们的工作过程进行了分析，[C]错。第三段说operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time．即识别和计算的完成都是分别进行的，[D]错。
单选题
Which of the following is the way that a computer does its processing?
单选题
Critics of AI would probably agree with the statement that______.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】推理判断题。人工智能的批评者认为电脑的计算并不像人类处理问题时需要理解能力，人类的推理能力不是单纯的遵循逻辑法则，它涉及到感觉、意识、情感偏爱、价值观、评价经验、概括能力和权衡选择项的能力，意思是reasoning 是很复杂的人类大脑功能，是电脑无法复制的，[B]为答案。[A]错，根据Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic，可知逻辑的作用并不是最重要的。[C]错，大部分芯片都是以数字的方式工作的，而只有一种特别的芯片工作原理跟人类类似。根据第四段第一句话…．does not indicate understanding，可排除[D]项。