单选题
Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking
A）Since Steve Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple , much has been said about him as a peerlessbusiness leader who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of hitproducts that are transforming entire industries, like music and mobile communications.
B）All true, but let’s think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let’s look atMr. Jobs as a role model.
C） Above all, he is an innovator（创新者）. His creative force is seen in products such as the iPod,iPhone, and iPad, and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile softwareonline. Studies of innovation come to the same conclusion: you can’t engineer innovation, but you canincrease the odds of it occurring. And Mr. Jobs' career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit ofimproving those odds, both for himself and the companies he has led. Mr. Jobs , of course, hasenjoyed singular success. But innovation, broadly defined, is the crucial ingredient in all economicprogress- higher growth for nations, more competitive products for companies, and more prosperouscareers for individuals. And Mr. Jobs, many experts say, exemplifies what works in the innovationgame.
D）“We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,” says JohnKao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kaonotes, are now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials ofinnovation. These include government financing for scientific research , national policies to supportemerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds ofculture of other countries doesn’t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobsexemplifies, as America does,” Mr. John Kao says.
F） Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vitalto thriving in the modern economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real-lifeexperience is often even more valuable.
G） An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He wasfascinated by electronics as a child, building Heathkit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobsdropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritualenlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak,an engineering wizard（奇才）. Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded twoother companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in1997.
H） His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. “ It’s oftenpeople like Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generatebreakthrough ideas and insights,” says Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute ofBusiness Administration.
I） Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator’s DNA, which is based on an eight-yearstudy of 5 000 entrepreneurs（创业者） and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co-authorsare Jeff Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at theHarvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovator’s Dilemma popularized the concept of“disruptive（颠覆性的） innovation.”
J） The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning,experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes theceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. HalGregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas.Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts fromdifferent disciplines.
K）“Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,” Mr. Gregersen says. “ It’s a habit for them. ”Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in the stock market,which they call an “innovation premium （溢价）．” It is calculated by estimating the share of acompany’s value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovationpremium tries to quantify（量化） investors' bets that a company will do even better in the futurebecause of innovation.
L） Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs' first term withthe company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Apple’sfortunes improved gradually at first, and improved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52 percentinnovation premium since then.
M） There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could havereshaped industries beyond computing. as he has done in his second term at Apple, without theexperience outside the company, especially at Pixar-the computer-animation（动画制作） studio thatcreated a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as “Toy Story" and “ Up. ”
N） Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class atStanford University in 2005. “ It turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that couldhave ever happened to me,” he told the students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance（坚持） and willpower. “ Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick ,” he said. “Don’t lose faith. ”
O）Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one’s choice of work and inone’s life. Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students. His advice was emphasized bythe words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which he quoted:“Stayhungry. Stay foolish. ”“And,” Mr. Jobs said,“I have always wished that for myself. And now, asyou graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. ”
单选题
Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduate to innovate in his commencement address.