单选题

{{B}}Ageism{{/B}}

American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don't be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism.
Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults.
Ageism, however, is different from other "isms'' ( sexism, racism, etc. ), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual's age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept.
Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point.

单选题 What is the exact meaning of Ageism, according to the passage?

A. A negative period of impotency and incompetency.
B. A negative and/or stereotypic perception of older adults.
C. A definition of stereotypic and often negative attitudes,
D. A denotation against the negative bias of older adults.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】按照本文的第一段Ageism是The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults或者一种negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals。

单选题 Ageism is different from other "isms", because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that______.

A. it is based upon the constant age classification
B. the concept of agedness is changing gradually
C. one is experiencing the aging process oneself
D. age classification remains the same for many years

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】按照第三段Ageism与其他-ism不同有两个方面的原因。其中第一个原因是age classification is not static。

单选题 Then what affects the individual view on ageism in American society?

A. A perception of any action, or institutional structure.
B. Age or any assignment of roles in society purely based on age.
C. Respect to others maintained to stereotype other people.
D. Respect to self maintained to affect one's self-concept.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】按照第三段Ageism与其他-ism不同有两个方面的原因。其中第一个原因是An individual's age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle．Thus，age classification is characterized by continual change。

单选题 Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?

A. Most of the research made on ageism is empirical and incomplete.
B. The inconstant nature of the age classification makes it different from other "isms".
C. This discrepancy referred to in the last paragraph is only concerned with methods.
D. The self concept may vary with the change in the ageist attitudes.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】文章最后一段里提及的“This discrepancy”指的是前面一句提到的各种研究所得到不同的结果： Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not.

单选题 What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph of the passage about researches conducted concerning ageism?

A. The author is trying to make something clear about their differences.
B. The author is demonstrating some of the differences between them.
C. The author is discussing the result of different methodologies employed.
D. The author is trying to make some conclusive researches by himself.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】按照第四段A brief discussion of the major methodological errors of problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point．