单选题

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Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent. Mutual aid in production is merely one aspect of ongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions.
Non-industrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production — technology. In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender. Women may weave and men make pottery or vice versa. Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that age and gender. If married women customarily make baskets, most married women know how to make baskets. Neither technology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states.
However, some tribal societies do promote specialization. Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, for instance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks. They don't specialize, as one might suppose, because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village. Clay suitable for pots is widely available. Everyone knows how to make pots, but not everybody does so. Craft specialization reflects the social and political environment rather than the natural environment. Such specialization promotes trade, which is the first step in creating an alliance with enemy village. Specialization contributes to keeping the peace, although it has not prevented intervillage warfare.
Among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific, Malinowski found that only two out of several villages manufactured certain ceremonial items that were important in a regional exchange network called the kula ring. As among the Yanomani, this specialization was unrelated to the location of raw materials. We don't know why this specialization began, but we do know that it persisted within the kula ring, which allied several communities and islands in a common trade network.

单选题 In non-industrial societies, how do people obtain the means of production?

单选题 What does the sentence "manufacturing is often linked to age and gender" mean?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】语义题。文章第二段讲述了非工业社会中生产制造与年龄和性别的关系。从第三句话开始，作者进行了细节性的描述：女人做编织，而男人从事陶器制造，反之亦然。接着又提到某个年龄和性别群体分享一种技术知识，举例说明：如果已婚女性主要从事编篮子，那么她们多数都能掌握这种编篮的技术。所以正确答案应为C。

单选题 In regard to technology, how do non-industrial societies differ from industrial societies?

单选题 The reason why some non-industrial societies promote specialization is ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】细节题。文章第三段说明为什么在有些部落社会中会出现技术专业化。本段第三句说They don't specialize，as one might suppose，because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village”，可见A错误；第五句说Everyone knows how to make pots，but not everybody does so，可见B错误；最后一句说Specialization contributes to keeping the peace，although it has not prevented intervillage warfare，可见D错误；本段倒数第二句说Such specialization promotes trade，which is the flint step in creating an alliance with enemy village，即这种专业化可以促进贸易，这是与敌对村落结盟的第一步，因此C为正确答案。