【正确答案】正确答案：The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically speaking, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Meaning has always been a central topic in human scholarship, though the term "semantics" has only a history of a little over a hundred years. There were discussions of meaning in the works of many philosophers, such as Plato and Laozi. Despite the fact that numerous dictionaries have been published each year to explain the meaning of words, semantics remains the least known aspect in linguistic study. One difficulty lies in the fact that the word "meaning" itself has different meanings. Different linguists have different ideas on this subject. According to G. Leech, there are mainly seven types of meaning: the conceptual meaning, the connotative meaning, the social meaning, the affective meaning, the reflected meaning, the collocative and the thematic meaning. For example, the word "fool" can be interpreted as "a person lacking in good sense or judgment" , "a man employed by a king, noble to amuse others with jokes and tricks" , or "a kind of cold light pudding" and so on.(4 points) In semantics we know that a word may have many different meanings. But there is one important type of meaning we did not touch on at all. Suppose somebody says to you "You"re a fool" , you would more often than not retort "What do you mean?" It is not that you do not know the meaning of any word in the sentence, or the words are combined in a too complicated way for you to understand. You know perfectly well the reference of you, the sense of fool, and the structure of the sentence. What you do not know is the speaker"s intention in uttering this sentence, what he intends the sentence to mean. Or rather, you do know the speaker"s intention, but you want to use "What do you mean?" as a denial of what he has asserted. You used your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning. It differs from the kinds of meaning we studied in semantics in that its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. In a word, it depends more on context. The discipline which concentrates on the intended meaning of a speaker is called pragmatics. Since this kind of meaning comes partly from the use of language in a context, pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.(4 points) Now if we divide meaning into two major sides; the side more closely related to the more constant, inherent side of meaning(which is studied under the heading of semantics)and the side more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extral(which is studied under the heading of pragmatics), then we can say "pragmatics = meaning - semantics. "(2 points)

【答案解析】解析：语义学是对词义的研究，而语用学则从语言使用者的角度出发，借助于语境展开对意义的研究，是对传统语义学的发展和补充。如果我们将语言的意义分为两方面：一方面较稳定，涉及词语的固有含义(语义学的研究范围)，另一方面则较为多变，与语境相关(语用学的研究范围)。因此，语用学可以用“语用学=含义一语义学”这个公式来表达。