单选题
Is it possible that the ideas we have today about
ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it
is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of
owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient
Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing
it as something much more temporary and' tentative than we do.
The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property
as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no
means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than an order
of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of
the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in
fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If
someone, some individuals, didn't own that plot of land, that house, that
factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would
the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell? It
is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership
simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the "fruit
of labor." If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise
crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems
reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my
family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them.
Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical
workingmen's movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As
industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly
more intricate. It must be clear that in modem society the social heritage of
knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange
account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is
produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals.
Hardly any person can now point and say, "That--that right there--is the fruit
of my labor." We can say, as a society, as a nation--as a world, really--that
what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as
a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private
individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the
extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his
claim, dependent on the extent to which those without stick.
单选题
According to the passage, the concept of ownership probably ______.
A. resulted from the concept of property right
B. stemmed from the uncovered prehistoric ages
C. arose from the generous blessing of the Creator
单选题
It is reasonable to claim one's own fruit of labor because ______.
A. his labor accounts for the product and its value
B. he has the priority to lay claim on the product
C. his labor is widely recognized and respected
D. he has the grounds for making claims first
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词为fruit of labor，出自于文章第三段第一句话中。文章第三段指出：要承认单凭获得或声称具有财产来得到所有权与拥有我们所谓的“劳动果实”之间的差别，这一点很重要；如果我独自一人，或者与家人一起在土地上耕作、收获，或者如果我利用自然材料做成了有用的物品，那么，我声称那些属于我或我家庭的庄稼或物品是我的财产，这似乎合理，也公平，至少我最先声明对它们有所有权；不会有人对此产生异议。这说明，声称自己的劳动果实属于自己是合理的，因为是你创造的。A说“他的劳动创造出了产品与价值”，这与文章的意思相符。文中是说“如果我利用自然材料做成了有用的物品，那么，我声称那些属于我或我家庭的庄稼或物品是我的财产，这似乎合理，也公平，至少我最先声明对它们有所有权”，这说明B和D不对；文中没有提到C。
单选题
Private ownership of property is described at the end of the passage as
______.
A. a production of early man's manual work
B. a demand for greater productivity in industry
C. varying with the shift in human agreements
D. denied by socialized production and exchange
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词为the end of the passage，也就是文章的最后一段。文章最后一段指出：我们必须认识到，财产的私人所有权是人为的，而且总是取决于无产者承认所有者能够提出所有权要求的程度，取决于无产者坚持的程度。这说明，财产的私人所有权被认为是不断变化的。C说“随着人类协定的变化而变化”，这与文章的意思相符。A明显与文章的意思不符；文中没有提到B和D。