单选题 Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately familiar.
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the modems employ induction, proves to be too narrow. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by steps which are indeed parts of one method.
A failure to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth; but this statement does not explain why the modem is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent time.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis (对立面；对照；对仗) of "facts" and "theories"—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and suggests an important character in true method. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
单选题 Which of the following statement is true about mathematical sciences according to the passage?
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】[解析] 细节判断题。根据题干mathematical sciences定位在第一段。为什么归纳法和数学科学，在希腊文明达到顶点时首先快速发展后，两千年内进展缓慢，现在哲学家对这个问题的兴趣不亚于对这些科学很熟悉研究的对象。在后来的二百年中自然科学数理科学积累起来，它们广泛的超越了过去已知的一切，所以就把这些科学视为我们时代的产品。因此本题的正确答案应该是C。其它三项均为干扰项。
单选题 All the following statements can be reasons for the failure of explanation for questions mentioned in Paragraph 1 except for ______.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 细节筛选题。根据题干the failure of explanation for questions mentioned in Paragraph 1定位在第三段第一句话的前半部分。这句话中提到不能够恰当使用这些方法，包括艺术的不完美性、观察漏洞及忽视了相关事实等。因此答案A，B，C均为正确的描述，而没有提及到D。因此只有D的描述不符合本题。
单选题 The difference between "fact" and "theory" ______.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干The difference between "fact" and "theory" 定位在第四段最后一句话。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。因此A答案是正确的。
单选题 The statement "theories are facts" may be called ______.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】[解析] 细节推理题。根据题干“theories are facts”本题的答案定位在第四段。本段的第一句话即说明理论和事实之间是一种对立的关系。据此，本题的正确答案应选B。是一个悖论。
单选题 Which of the following can be used as the best title for this passage?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】[解析] 主旨大意题。科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题，为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新，旧方法关系还是其它。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察、实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四、五段涉及事实和理论的关系。因此本题的正确答案应该是D。