翻译题
正规教育的地位 ——2009年英译汉及详解 There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.【F1】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.【F2】Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.【F3】While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.【F4】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. 【F5】We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.
【答案解析】本部分考查的重点是：主语从句。 本部分由两个句子组成，由连词but连接起来。第一句话的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that后面引导的主语从句。从句中的主语是measure，of the worth用来限定measure，而of any social institution是用来限定worth，即：这个标准是用来衡量一种价值的，而这个价值就是社会制度的价值。整个从句是主系表结构，系动词is后就是解释这个measure的具体内容。第二句是一个简单的系表结构，of itsoriginal motive作为介词短语修饰part。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：状语从句和动词搭配。 本句的主体是we cannot help considering…，开头是since引导的原因状语从句，since是“既然”的意思，从句是主系表结构，主语是our chief business，表语是to enable them to share in a common life，解释了主语business的具体内容。主句中用了cannot help doing的动词搭配，意为“忍不住做…”。considering后是省略了that的宾语从句．whether引出的是considering的内容。which引导的定语从句修饰的是powers。
【答案解析】本句考查的重点是：插入语，定语从句和同位语从句。 本句主干是：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education。that of direct tuition orschooling与a more formal kind of education是同位语关系。within the broad educational process whichwe have been so far considering是插入语，which引导的定语从句作process的修饰语。