填空题
Bertrand Russell—The Analysis of Mind (Truth and
Falsehood)
On the features which distinguish
knowledge from accuracy of response in general, not much can be said from a
behaviourist point of view without referring to purpose. But the necessity of
SOMETHING besides accuracy of response may be brought out by the {{U}}
{{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}consideration: Suppose two persons, of whom
one believed {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the other disbelieved,
and disbelieved whatever the other {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}.
So far as accuracy and sensitiveness of response alone are concerned, {{U}}
{{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}would be nothing to choose between these two
persons. A thermometer {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}went down for
warm weather and up for cold might be just as {{U}} {{U}} 21
{{/U}} {{/U}}as the usual kind; and a person who always believes falsely is
just as {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}an instrument as a person
who always believes truly. The {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}and
practical difference between them would be that the one {{U}} {{U}}
24 {{/U}} {{/U}}always believed falsely would quickly come to a bad end.
This {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}once more that accuracy of
response to stimulus does not alone {{U}} {{U}} 26 {{/U}}
{{/U}}knowledge, but must be reinforced by appropriateness, i. e. suitability for
{{U}} {{U}} 27 {{/U}} {{/U}}one's purpose. This applies even in
the apparently simple {{U}} {{U}} 28 {{/U}} {{/U}}of answering
questions: if the purpose of the answers is to deceive, their {{U}}
{{U}} 29 {{/U}} {{/U}}, not their truth, will be evidence of
knowledge. The proportion of the {{U}} {{U}} 30 {{/U}} {{/U}}of
appropriateness with accuracy in the definition of knowledge is difficult; it
seems that both enter in, but that appropriateness is only required as regards
the general type of response, not as regards each individual instance.