Among the many ways 【A1】 ________ which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention 【A2】 ________ any other, Politicians campaigning for public office, sales-people presenting products: and preachers delivering sermons all depend 【A3】 ________ this form of public communication. 【A4】 ________ people who do not make speaking a part of their daily 【A5】 ________ are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly every one speaks in public 【A6】 ________ some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.

There are many reasons 【A7】 ________ speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, 【A8】 ________ provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers,【A9】 ________ , most often seek to persuade an .audience to adopt new opinions, 【A10】 ________ take certain actions, or to see the world 【A11】 ________ a new way.

Public speakers usually know 【A12】 ________ in advance when they are scheduled to make 【A13】 ________ address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, 【A14】 ________ , speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such 【A15】 ________ when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate 【A16】 ________ a televised debate or interview.

When they do not have to speak unprepared, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers 【A17】 ________ prepare their speeches for them. These 【A18】 ________ writers may work alone or in small teams. 【A19】 ________ the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great, influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless 【A20】________ how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hear.

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