单选题 A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.

单选题 Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为推理题。文章第二段中提到“DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools...DNA指纹识别和其他分析技术给刑事侦查手段带来了重大变革，给刑侦人员提供了强有力的新工具……”由此可以判断出，在没有DNA指纹识别技术之前，犯罪者可以轻易避过罪责，因此可知答案为C选项。

单选题 DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 本题为事实细节题。第三段倒数第二句“they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group他们指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个相似的DNA样本是出自一个人还是只是出自同族成员的两个人”，故可知在同族的两个人中使用DNA技术并不是足够可靠的，因此答案为B选项。

单选题 To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ______.

单选题 The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that ______.

A、 enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
B、 enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can match
C、 enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same person
D、 additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person