填空题 A．expectation B．unprecedented C．little D．epidemics
E．however F．expectancy G．trapped H．decimated
I．desperately J．pessimism K．declined L．fast
M．optimism N．therefore O．expect to
The census of 1851 recorded half of the population of Britain as living in towns—the first society in human history to do so. Over the previous 70 years, the population of Britain had risen at an 1 rate, passing the levels reached in earlier period of growth when the population had been 2 by epidemics such as the Black Death.
But was there any reason for 3 ? The towns offered a better chance of work and higher wages than the countryside, where many families were 4 in dire poverty and seasonal employment. On the other hand, the countryside was healthier. A baby born in a large town with a population of more than 100,000 in the 1820s might 5 live to 35; in the 1830s, life expectancy was down to a miserable 29. A comparison between a 6
unhealthy large town and a small market town shows the costs of migrating in search of work and prosperity. In 1851, a boy born in inner Liverpool had a life 7 of only 26 years, compared with a boy born in the small market town of Okehampton, who could expect to live to 57.
Large towns were, 8 , desperately unhealthy, with death from sickness at a level not seen since the Black Death. New 9 were stalking the cities: cholera and typhoid were carried by polluted water; typhus was spread by lice; and "summer diarrhoea" was caused by swarms of flies feeding on horse manure and human waste. The problem was easy to identify and difficult to solve: too 10 was invested in the urban environment, in sewers, street paving and cleansing, and in pure water and decent housing.