单选题 Passage 2
Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do.
The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than an order of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didn't own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell?
It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the "fruit of labor". If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmen's movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate. It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, "That--that right there--is the fruit of my labor." We can say, as a society, as a nation--as a world, really--that what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity.
We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim stick.

单选题 According to the text, the concept of ownership probably
A. resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.
B. stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.
C. arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.
D. originated from the undetected distant periods.

单选题 The author deems private ownership to be
A. a necessary invention of mankind. B. an inherent right of a human being.
C. a permanent arrangement for society. D. an explicit idea of some individuals.

单选题 We learn by inference that private property may
A. be viewed as a design of inventive powers.
B. be treated as a discovery of our ancestors.
C. serve as the universal rule of transactions.
D. function as the basis of market economy.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】推论题。文章第二段后半部分指出：很难设想没有所有权概念的社会是什么样；如果某个人不享有土地、房屋、工厂、机器、粮仓，我们如何行使职权?社会规则又会是怎样呢?我们从谁那里购物，又如何销售呢?由此可以推知，私有权是交易的基础。这与D的意思相符。文中是说“它应该被看成是人类的发明”，这是明确指出的，所以A和B不对；C不合逻辑，私有财产不可能充当法则。

单选题 One deserves to claim on some product only when
A. his labor accounts for the product and its value.
B. he has the priority to lay claim on the product.
C. his labor is widely recognized and respected.
D. he has the grounds for making claims first.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】细节题。文章第三段指出：只是通过占有或要求获得财产而取得所有权，与拥有我们往往称之为“劳动果实”这两者之间存在巨大差别；如果我在地里干活，种植庄稼，或者如果我利用自然资源收获了有用的东西，那么，我声称这些作物或物品应该属于我，它们是我的财产，至少我是第一个对其声称所有权的，这是合理、公平的。这说明，只有一个人创造了某个产品及其价值，他才能拥有该产品。这与A的意思相符。B和D与文章的意思明显不符；C不准确。