【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析]
All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic, though complex, processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a child's development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them.
What, then, are maturation and learning? Developmental psychologists are not entirely in agreement, though there is a common core of accepted meaning. Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individual's body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation, it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.
Learning has also been defined in diverse ways, but the term generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training.
A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion.
Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. 'Although most learning involves motivation and reward, I believe some learning does occur without them. As for the interrelationships between maturation and learning process, a general principle may be provided: maturation is essential to learning.

[分析] 语义的理解和判断。
根据题干关键词learning定位到原文相关信息Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training可知学习是指通过训练过程使活动产生或变化，以与不经过训练产生的变化相区分。由此可判断D项内容与原文意思相符，是正确答案。
[解题关键] 掌握语句结构，理解句子含义是解题的关键。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 推理判断题。
根据原文Since the two processes almost always interact，it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a child's development可知成熟和学习两个过程总是密切作用的，因此区分两者的作用或明确在儿童发展中各自的贡献是非常难的。由此可推断，儿童的发展依靠两个过程的相互作用。因此C项说法与原文相符，是正确答案。
[解题关键] 掌握关键表达的反复出现。本题原文中interact和it is difficult to separate/ specify的意思相当，几个表达的反复使用强调了两个过程相互作用的重要性，因此与 interact有关的选项应是重点考虑内容。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 语义理解题。
根据原文Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individual's body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions，experiences，or practice可知成熟强调生物过程或身体内部发生的结构性变化，该过程相对独立于个人的外部环境条件、经验或实践。由此可见，成熟是个人经验的积累过程是不对的。因此C项与原文意思不符，是正确答案。
[解题关键] 掌握语句结构是解题的关键。本题原文中that引导定语从句，补充说明成熟的核心含义生物过程或结构性变化。

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 观点态度题。
根据原文we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process，even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change可知即便学习在(儿童)的发展和变化的大部分方面起最为重要的作用，我们也不必关心学习过程的特定细节。由此可判断，作者认为学习在(儿童)的发展和变化的大部分方面起最为重要的作用。因此选项A的说法与原文相符，是正确的。
[解题关键] 掌握句子结构，有助于了解语句的正确含义。本题原文中even though引导的让步状语从句表明了讲话者的观点。

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 推理判断题。
题干问本文讨论的内容属于什么领域。讲话者从发展心理学的角度阐释了成熟过程和学习过程两个过程的含义，并着重讨论了两过程相互作用关系对儿童发展和变化的重要影响。由此可推断B项内容与原文主要讨论的内容相符，因此该项是正确答案。
[解题关键] 掌握重要词语的归类。原文中与development相关的词语反复出现，而且原文在阐释成熟过程时，明确指出其依据出于developmental psychologists。