单选题 As the world continues to recover from the Great Recession, governments and businesses are focused on how to spur economic growth. But if they really want to create jobs, raise incomes, and lift living standards, they should devote more energy to figuring out how to generate economic dynamism over the long term.
At times like this, governments tend to champion particular sectors like manufacturing, or industries like green technology. But true dynamism flows from continuous innovation, experimentation, adaptation, and change, all of which raise productivity over time. Those productivity gains, in turn, lift incomes and drive consumption. This fuels more innovation—and a dynamic economy thus expands in a healthy, sustainable way.
Unfortunately, economic dynamism can also cause dislocation and disturbance as workers lose jobs in failing companies or in fading industries. Change in the ranking of companies has accelerated in many countries, including the United States, over the last century. The 90 names listed on Standard ＆ Poor's index of major U. S. companies in the 1920s remained there for an average of 65 years. By 1998 a company listed on the S ＆ P 500 could expect to stay there for an average of only 10 years.
The distress caused by such turnover causes many people to resist change. But this process, famously labeled "creative destruction" by economist Joseph Schumpeter, frees resources for new uses that can vastly improve life over time. We may have fewer farmers, coachmen, and switchboard operators today than in Schumpeter's time, but We have software engineers, EKG technicians, Google mapmakers, and a host of other occupations people couldn't have imagined back then. The "productivity paradox" is that while we may need fewer workers in certain occupations in the short term, improved productivity leads to a stronger economy as a whole. So policies to spur economic dynamism are essential elements of any strategy to create jobs.
How exactly do we foster economic dynamism? Dynamism doesn't turn on whether an economy has a large financial sector, or big manufacturers, or a semiconductor industry, but instead on whether the sectors are competitive or not. Instead of picking winners and pouring out subsidies to them, countries must get the basics right. These include a solid rule of law, with patents and protections for intellectual property, enforceable contracts, and courts to resolve disputes; access to finance, particularly for startups; and an efficient physical and communications infrastructure. Once the basics are in place, the key is ensuring strong competition within sectors.
It can be tempting, in the short term, to prop up old industries and preserve outdated jobs. But as Schumpeter said, "With capitalism, we are dealing with an evolutionary process. " Nations that want to move up the list should be prepared to evolve.

单选题 What should governments and businesses put emphasis on in order to spur economic growth?

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[答案解析] 根据题干关键词spur economic growth定位到原文第一、二段。第一段第二句提到：But if they really want to...they should devote more energy to figuring out how to generate economic dynamism over the long term. 可知刺激经济增长的关键在于怎样产生长期的经济活力；第二段第二句又提到：But true dynamism flows from continuous innovation, experimentation, adaptation, and change...可知真正的活力来自于不断的革新、实验、适应以及变化，即为了刺激经济增长，政府部门和商业机构应着重关注怎样革新、实验、适应以及变化，故选B) 项。
[避错点拨] A) 项“怎样提高某些特定领域的生产力”与原文不符，原文提到政府倾向于捍卫像制造业或是绿色科技工业这样的特殊领域，但这并不是刺激经济增长的关键；C) “怎样创造收益以提高收入、拉动消费”，原文提到的是在生产力方面获得的收益，反过来，会提高收入、拉动消费，这也不是刺激经济增长的关键；D) 项“怎样在长时间内提高生产率”也仅仅是刺激经济增长的一个表现方面。

单选题 According to the passage, why do many people resist change?

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[答案解析] 根据题干关键词people resist change定位到原文第三、四段。第三段第一句提到： Unfortunately, economic dynamism can also cause dislocation and disturbance as workers lose jobs. in failing companies or in fading industries. 可知当垮掉的公司或是衰退的行业中的工人们失去工作的时候，经济活力也会导致错位和混乱。第四段第一句又提到：The distress caused by such turnover causes many people to resist change. 可知，由这种转换导致的窘境使得许多人抵制变化。即人们抵制变化的原因在于随着经济活力的转换，有工人因此失业。故选B) 项。
[避错点拨] A) 项“他们很难适应不断的革新”未提及；C) 项“公司的排名有了一个加速的变化”也不是工人抵制变化的原因，原文提到公司排名变化速度加快，是为了说明经济活力也会导致错位和混乱；D) 项“他们怀疑是否这种转换能改善他们的生活”原文也未提及。

单选题 According to the passage, the process of "creative destruction" will ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[答案解析] 根据题干关键词process of “creative destruction”定位到原文第四段第二句：But this process, famously labeled “creative destruction” by economist Joseph Schumpeter, frees resources for new uses that can vastly improve life over time. 可知，“创造性破坏”的过程会解放资源以作新用，久而久之就能够大大改善生活。即其最终的结果是提高生产率和壮大经济，故选D) 项。
[避错点拨] A) 项“解放自然资源以作新用来大大改善生活”与原文不符，原文提到的是“资源”，而非“自然资源”；B) 项“用新的职业来替代Schumpeter那个时代的职业”也与原文不符，原文只提到不同时代职业的变化，并没有提到替代职业的问题；C) 项“在长期内导致某一职业需要更少的工人”也与原文不符。

单选题 In order to get the basics right, countries should ensure the following EXCEPT ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[答案解析] 根据题干关键词get the basics right，ensure定位到原文第五段第四句：These include a solid rule of law, with…；access to finance…；and an efficient physical and communications infrastructure. 可知建设基础包括：坚实的法律规则、可获得的财政金融渠道以及一个高效的物质和通讯基础设施。即A) 项“有效的立法”、B) 项“财政金融支持”和C) 项“健康有效的基础建设”，故选D) 项。
[避错点拨] D) 项“强有力的竞争”是在这些基础就绪的基础上进行的，并不被包括在此基础之内。

单选题 What might be the author's attitude towards the move to generate economic dynamism?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[答案解析] 根据题干关键词the move to generate economic dynamism定位到原文最后一段第二、三句：But as Schumpeter said, "With capitalism, we are dealing with an evolutionary process." Nations that want to move up the list. should be prepared to evolve. 可知，首先，作者同意Schumpeter的观点，我们正在应对一个发展的过程。随后又提到，那些想要走在前列的国家应当为发展做好准备。即作者就产生经济活力所采取的行动是持积极肯定的态度的，故选A) 项。
[避错点拨] B) 项“消极的”、C) 项“中立的”和D) 项“漠不关心的”均与原文不符。