【正确答案】正确答案：According to Austin, there is no clear distinction between speaking and acting. He proposes that words are in themselves actions. This is what we refer to as Speech Act Theory. According to his model,a speaker might be performing three acts at the same time when speaking: locutionary act(an act of producing linguistic units), illocutionary act(speaker"s meaning or intention)and perlocutionary act(the hearer"s interpretations or reactions).(4 points)In order to fulfill a performative act,some conditions must be satisfied. Austin calls these conditions felicity conditions, including proper process, people, situation and thoughts. Searle developed the original felicity conditions into four basic categories, namely, propositional content, preparatory condition, essential condition and sincerity condition. Propositional content means an utterance must contain certain features in order to become a particular type of speech act. Preparatory condition is a set of presumptions which are necessary for a successful and non-defective performance of utterance. Essential condition refers to the requirement that the utterance commits the speaker to the act performed. Sincerity condition indicates the requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker for an utterance to be counted as a particular speech act. An irony may rise as the speaker violates the sincerity condition on purpose.(8 points) For example,in the sentence"Thanks for not smoking(used as a public sign)" ,a deviated thanks is used to further belittle the action of "smoking" ,as it is known that it is a requirement for people not to smoke in public places,and "not-smoking in public" is exactly what we should do,and it doesn"t deserve a thanks to a certain extent. In other words,the aim of this sentence is to persuade the listener not to smoke.(4 points)As for the sentence "I really appreciate your effort to share my secret with my enemy" , a deviated praise is used as an irony to depreciate the action of "share my secret with my enemy" ,thus showing the speaker"s anger.(4 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查言语行为的适切条件。根据Austin和Searle的言语行为理论，人在说话时同时实施了三种行为：言内行为(locutionary act)、言外行为(illocutionary act)和言后行为(perlocutionary act)。成功的言语行为需满足一些适切条件(felicity conditions)：命题内容条件、预备条件、基本条件和真诚条件。其中真诚条件指说话者所表达的是自己的心理状态。如果说话人故意违反真诚条件，就会产生反讽效果。Searle进一步将反讽分为四类：阐述性反讽，指令性反讽，承诺性反讽和表达性反讽，其中表达性反讽指通过感谢、欢迎和道歉等语气对听话者的行为作出一种贬抑的陈述。