单选题 The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and the Alaskan peninsula have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Venation selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage.
The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages.
To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect.
Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans.
Gradually despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation, away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.

单选题 The author is primarily concerned with describing ______.
A. United States government attempts to persuade the Aleuts to use English as a second language
B. Russian and United States treatment of Alaskan inhabitants both before and after 1867
C. how the Czarist Russian occupation of Alaska created a written language for the Aleuts
D. the Aleuts' loyalty to their language and American failure to understand it

单选题 According to the passage, which of the following was the most important reason for the Aleuts' devotion to their language?
A. Invention of a written version of their language.
B. Disruption of oral transmission of tribal knowledge.
C. Introduction of old Slavonic for worship.
D. Institution of compulsory English education.

单选题 Why does the author mention that the Russians killed the majority of adult Aleuts?
A. To explain the extreme loyalty Aleuts feel to their language.
B. To urge Russia to make restitution on the children of those killed.
C. To stir up outrage against the Russians for committing such atrocities.
D. To call attention to the immorality of foreign conquest.

单选题 The passage implies that ______.
A. the Cyrillic alphabet was invented for the Aleut language
B. all of the Cyrillic characters were used in writing the Aleut language
C. Russian and the Aleut language have some similar speech sounds
D. English is also written using the Cyrillic alphabet

单选题 Distributing which of the following publications would be most likely to encourage Aleuts to make more use of English?
A. Russian translations of English novels.
B. An Aleut-English bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture.
C. An English-Russian bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture.
D. English translations of Russian novels.