【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[听力原文]
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, " says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

[解析] 本题的出题点在段首主旨处。本题问及心理学家们主要在哪方面存在意见分歧，短文开始就说到心理学家对于外在的奖励——从热情的称赞到冰冷冷的金钱刺激，会怎样影响学生的积极性和创造性，持有截然不同的看法，可知，心理学家的分歧在于来自外界的奖励对学生的表现究竟有什么影响，故选D。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题的出题点在细节处。本题问及教育学者们对于学生外在奖励的态度与看法。文章提到行为主义者认为：奖励能提高工作和学习表现；而认知学派研究人员则认为：奖励促使学生对别人给予的肯定和礼物有依赖心理，常常会破环他们的创造性。后一种观点得到了许多教育工作者的支持，由此可知，他们对奖励的正面作用持否定态度，故选C。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题的出题点在细节处。本题问及Robert Eisenberger认为如何能够更好激发他们的创造性，根据文中谈到Robert Eisenberger认为：布置给学生相对具有挑战性的任务并给予恰当的奖励，可使他们发挥更大的创造性，但如果对一般或低劣的表现也给予奖励，或让学生对奖励有太多的期许，反而会扼杀创造性，故选D。

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 本题的出题点在因果关系处。本题问及为什么许多大学严格考试评分标准，短文提到老师们注意到外在的奖励或高分反而不能更好地激发学生的创造性和学习动力，因此一些重点大学试图加强等级标准，故选C。