单选题 Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞) . Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

单选题 In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is______.

单选题 Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】解析：推理题。文中第二段第—句：“Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine…”Charles教授的研究表明冲突的最佳程度很难决定。其中的“complex to determine”即“很难决定”，就等于答案C中的阐述。

单选题 We can learn from Schwenk's research that______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】解析：推理题。文中第三段第一句： “Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization．”意思是：有些令人吃惊，Schwenk教授发现关于冲突的观点是根据公司的结构类型的功能而有系统地变化的。从中可以看出A为答案，即一个人关于冲突的观点是受他公司的结构影响的。B、C、D都是上面这句话的例证。

单选题 The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations______.

单选题 People working in a not-for-profit organization______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】解析：细节题。本文最后一句“Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions．”意思是：考虑到满足许多不同的员工的复杂性和模糊性，主管们感到冲突能产生更值得被考虑的、更能被接受的决定。这与答案B的意思相符。即工作人员可以自由表达思想，企业会考虑他们的想法，从而制定决定。