单选题 Older women who take vitamin D and calcium supplements to prevent broken bones may be taking them in vain, according to leading experts. A U.S. government advisory group found taking typical low doses provided no benefits for average post-menopausal (绝经后的) women.
What is more taking 400IU of vitamin D and 1,000mg of calcium daily increased the risk of developing kidney stones. Both nutrients are crucial for building and maintaining strong, healthy bones and specialists advise getting as much as possible from a good diet and exposure to sunlight. If an older person has a vitamin deficiency or bone-thinning osteoporosis (骨质疏松), doctors often prescribe higher-than-normal doses. But for otherwise healthy post-menopausal women, adding modest supplements to their diet makes no impact.
It isn't clear if those doses offer bone protection if taken before menopause, or if they help men's bones, according to the new guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
It's a confusing message considering that for years, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely considered an insurance policy against osteoporosis, with little down-side to taking them. The NHS currently recommends people over 65 take a daily vitamin D pill, although no more than 25 micrograms.
"Regrettably, we don't have as much information as we would like to have about a substance that has been around a long time and we used to think we understood," said Dr. Virginia Moyer of the Baylor College of Medicine, who heads the task force. "Turns out, there's a lot more to learn." The recommendations are not for people at high risk of weak bones, such as those with a history of bone fractures. These people should consult their local doctor. In the U.S. the average adult is advised to get about 1,000mg of calcium, 1,300 for post-menopausal women, every day. For vitamin D, the goal is 600 IUs of vitamin D daily moving to 800 after age 70. The nutrients can be found in foods including orange juice fortified with calcium, dairy foods such as milk, yogurt and cheese; certain fish including salmon; and fortified breakfast cereals.

单选题 It can be learned that taking low doses of vitamin D and calcium supplements will ______ to average post-menopausal women.

A. be beneficial
B. bring harm
C. make no difference
D. increase the risk of developing kidney stones

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。根据题干“average post-menopausal women”，定位到第一段“A U.S. government advisory group found taking typical low doses provided no benefits for average post-menopausal women.”可知美国政府的咨询小组发现绝经后的女性服用低剂量的补剂并没有什么益处，即没有影响，所以C符合题意。

单选题 It is suggested that older person with a vitamin deficiency or bone-thinning osteoporosis should ______.

A. have a balanced diet
B. be exposed to sunlight as much as possible
C. take more doses of supplements than the normal
D. add small supplements to their diet

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。根据文章第二段第三句“If an older person has a vitamin deficiency or bone-thinning osteoporosis, doctors often prescribe higher-than-normal doses.”可知，如果老年人缺乏维生素或患有骨质疏松症，医生通常会开较高剂量的处方补剂，所以C正确。

单选题 What does "down-side" in Line 2, Paragraph 4 mean?

A. High price.
B. Positive effects.
C. Disadvantages.
D. Low cost.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 单词题。根据题干定位到第四段第一句“It's a confusing message considering that for years, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely considered an insurance policy against osteoporosis, with little downside to taking them.”可知，人们普遍认为服用钙和维生素D补剂是预防骨质疏松症最保险的方法，所以这个方法必然是副作用小的，故C正确。A. High price(高价格)，B. Positive effects(正面作用)，D. Low cost(低成本)均不符合题意，故排除。

单选题 It can be learned that people have long believed that taking supplements ______.

A. is a good way to protect bones
B. will prevent risks of developing kidney stones
C. will be of no effect
D. will not work the same for everyone

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 推断题。关键句为文章第四段第一句“It's a confusing message considering that for years, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely considered an insurance policy against osteoporosis, with little downside to taking them.”(几年来，人们普遍认为服用钙和维生素D补剂是预防骨质疏松症最保险、副作用也很小的一种方法，然而这条信息让人们倍感困惑。)由此可知，人们一直认为服用冲剂是保护骨头最好的方法，所以A项最符合题意。

单选题 Which of the following is not recommended for the average adult?

A. Getting nutrients from daily food intake.
B. Getting about 1,000 mg of calcium.
C. Turning to a doctor for advice.
D. Taking 600 IUs of vitamin D every day.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 细节题。关键句为文章最后一段“The recommendations are not for people at high risk of weak bones, such as those with a history of bone fractures. These people should consult their local doctor.”(对于骨骼脆弱风险高的人来说，例如那些骨折过的人来说，这些剂量也不适合他们，这类人群应该咨询他们当地的医生。)由此可知，平常人是不用咨询当地医生的，故C项符合题意。