单选题 The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentrism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under may in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.
In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack. They were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a ling time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented. In part, too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battles against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry's traditional monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry, who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals. And they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry.
Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.
In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.

单选题 The author would agree that ______.
A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence
B. many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the West
C. scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of them
D. all of the above are true

单选题 In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from ______.
A. the mere presence of invaders B. a generalized unfocused feeling
C. the introduction to the West D. none of the above

单选题 With which of the following statements would the author agree?
A. Ethnocentrcism is a manly tradition.
B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.
C. Although Christianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.
D. The author would agree with Ａ and Ｃ.

单选题 Missionaries ______.
A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars did
B. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous population
C. had greater access to authority than Chinese peasants
D. may be described by all of the above

单选题 Provincial authorities ______.
A. cooperated fully with the central government's policy
B. were alive to local feelings
C. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementation
D. may be described by B and C