单选题 In their everyday life, most Americans seem to agree with Henry Ford who once said, "History is more or less absurdity. We want to live in the present and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today. " Certainly a great—but now also deadlocked—debate on immigration figures prominently in the history being made today in the United States and around the world.
In both history and sociology, scholarly work on immigration was sparked by the great debates of the 1920s, as Americans argued over which immigrants to include and which to exclude from the American nation. The result of that particular great debate involved the restriction of immigration from Asia and southern and eastern Europe.
Reacting to the debates of their time, sociologists and historians nevertheless developed different central themes. While Chicago School sociologists focused on immigrant adaptation to the American mainstream, historians were more likely to describe immigrants engaged in building the American nation or its regional subcultures.
Historians studied the immigrants of the past, usually in the context of nation-building and settlement of the western United States, while sociologists focused on the immigrant urban workers of their own times— that is, the early 20th century. Meanwhile, sociologists' description of assimilation as an almost natural sequence of interactions resulting in the modernization, and Americanization of foreigners reassured Americans that their country would survive the recent arrival of immigrants whom longtime Americans perceived as radically different.
Historians insisted that the immigrants of the past had actually been the "makers of America" ; they had forged the mainstream to which new immigrants adapted. For sociologists, however, it was immigrants who changed and assimilated over the course of three generations. For historians, it was the American nation that changed and evolved.
In current debates, overall, what seems to be missing is not knowledge of significant elements of the American past or respect for the lessons to be drawn from that past, but rather debaters' ability to see how time shapes understanding of the present.
In the first moments of American nation-building, the so-called Founding Fathers celebrated migration as an expression of human liberty. Here is a reminder that today's debates take place among those who agree rather fundamentally that national self-interest requires the restriction of immigration. Debaters disagree with each other mainly over how best to accomplish restriction, not whether restriction is the right course. The United States, along with many other nations, is neither at the start, nor necessarily anywhere near the end, of a long era of restriction.

单选题 Henry Ford's words are cited to ______.

A. show the absurdity of history
B. indicate the significance of the history we make today
C. emphasize the role of immigrants in the U.S history
D. introduce the debate on immigration worldwide

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 推理判断在第一段第一句引用亨利·福特的话之后，作者紧接着就提到了这场全球范围内的关于移民的辩论，接下来全文便围绕这场辩论展开，故D项正确。此题考查考生根据原文具体信息进行判断的能力。对于此类题目，如果是在首段出现，通常作用是引出主题；如果是在中间某段出现，作用是作论据证明段落中心。 A项只是亨利·福特的观点，并非作者的观点，作者引用亨利·福特的话也并不是为了说明这个观点，故A项错误。第一段第二句提到：“我们想生活在现在并且唯一有价值的历史是我们今天创造的历史”，但这句话也并没有谈到历史的重要性问题，故B项排除。纵观全文，文章中心在于阐述两个针对移民角色的不同观点，而并没有明确表示移民的角色隶属于哪一种，故C项错误。

单选题 According to the passage, the 1920s' debate on immigration ______.

A. sparked scholarly work on immigration restrictions
B. led to the decrease of immigrants from Asia and parts of Europe
C. resulted in the exclusion of all immigrants from abroad
D. inspired academic research on immigration in various fields

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 事实细节文章第二段第二句提到那次辩论的结果包括了限制来自亚洲、南欧和东欧的移民，即这些地方的移民人数减少，故B项正确。此题考查原文相关细节准确理解。根据题干的20世纪20年代可定位到第二段的1920s，只要对该段关于移民问题讨论的细节内容进行理解，然后比对选项即可得出答案。 A项属于断章取义的信息拼凑，范围缩小，故错误。文章第二段第二句提到“那次辩论的结果包括了限制来自亚洲、南欧和东欧的移民”，并不是限制所有的国外移民，故C项错误。文章中只提到了历史和社会学两个研究领域的辩论，D项中所说的various fields(诸多领域)是将研究领域范围扩大了，因此D项错误。

单选题 What do we learn from the text about the themes of historians and sociologists?

A. They both stressed the contributions made by immigrants.
B. Historians were more interested in the immigrant culture.
C. Sociologists convinced people that new immigrants were different from earlier ones.
D. Historians and sociologists disagreed on the way immigrants adapted to America.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 事实细节文章第四段第二句提到“与此同时，社会学家将同化描述为一系列近乎自然的互动，这些互动带来了现代化”，第五段第一句又提到“历史学家坚持认为，过去的移民才是实际上的‘美国缔造者’，他们形成了新移民要适应的主流”这两种观点都认为移民做出了贡献，只是二者所说的移民所处的时代不同，A项中的说法既可以指过去的移民，也可以指现在的移民，故A项正确。此题考查原文相关细节准确理解。根据题干中的themes定位至第三段。而三、四、五段的内容都是一致的，都是在讲历史学家和社会学家对移民问题的研究。所以该题在解题过程中，需要根据选项中的关键词进行定位，进而与原文信息进行比对。文章第三段最后一句提到“历史学家则更可能描述移民参与建设美国或美国地区亚文化”，可见历史学家更感兴趣的文化是美国地区亚文化，并非B项中所说的移民文化，故B项错误。文章第五段提到“历史学家坚持认为，过去的移民才是实际上的‘美国缔造者’，他们形成了新移民要适应的主流”，故新的移民与早期移民不同是历史学家的观点，并非C项中所说的社会学家的观点，故C项错误。文章第三段提到了历史学家和社会学家的主题。第一句说二者发展了不同的主题，第二句则分别具体阐述了二者的中心主题：“芝加哥学派社会学家的关注重点是移民适应美国主流问题，而历史学家则更可能描述移民参与建设美国或美国地区亚文化”，由此可见二者的不同意见并不在于移民适应美国的方式，而是移民在美国扮演的角色，故D项错误。

单选题 Which of the following is true according to the author?

A. Historians believed that all immigrants helped build America.
B. Sociologists argued that immigrants changed three generations of America.
C. Debaters should respect the past lessons.
D. Debaters seem to be unclear about the formation of the understanding of the present.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 事实细节倒数第二段最后一句提到“在现在的辩论中，整体上似乎缺失的是辩论者能够明白时间如何形成了对现在的理解”，这与D项中的说法一致，故D项正确。此题考查原文相关细节的准确理解。本题的难点在于定位较难，由于根据题干无法获得定位信息，所以只能根据选项中的关键词定位。这种类型的题目做起来比较耗时，最关键的是定位准确。文章第五段第一句提到历史学家坚持认为，过去的移民才是实际上的“美国缔造者”，所以说并不是所有的移民都对美国的建设提供了帮助，A项太过绝对化，故排除。文章第五段第二句提到“但对于社会学家来说，是移民历经三代才改变和同化的”，而并不是像B项中所说的移民改变了三代美国人，故B项错误。倒数第二段说，整体上似乎缺失的并不是从过去汲取的教训，这说明辩论者从过去吸取了教训，故C项说法错误。

单选题 It should be reminded that today's debate on immigration ______.

A. centers on whether there should be restrictions
B. focuses on how to defend the national interests
C. indicate that the emigration in U.S. may continue for a while
D. indicate that the emigration in U.S. has almost come to an end

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 事实细节最后一句话提到“美国与其他很多国家一样，正处于一个长时间的限制移民时代，既不处于开端，也不一定就接近尾声”，即还会持续一段时间，这与C项说法相符，故C项正确。此题考查原文相关细节的准确理解。根据题干中的today's debate可以定位到最后一段第二句话。然后需要对这句话的下文进行理解，从而可以确定答案。文章最后一段第三句提到“辩论者互不赞同的主要是怎样使这种限制完成，并非这种限制是不是正确道路”，从这句话中我们可以看出，辩论并非以是否应该有限制为中心，故A项错误。从这句话中我们还可以知道，辩论者意见的不同在于怎样使这种限制完成，而不是如何保卫国家利益，故B项也错误。最后一句话提到“美国与其他很多国家一样，正处于一个长时间的限制移民时代，既不是处于开端，也不一定就接近尾声”，故D项错误。