【正确答案】Taking a psychometric-structuralist view, Lado proposes two basic requirements that a test must fulfill: validity and reliability. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. If a test is valid, the outsider who looks at an individual's score knows that it is a true reflection of the individual's skill in the area the test claims to have covered. There are several kinds of validity. (a) Content validity refers to the extent to which the test adequately covers the syllabus area to be tested. Content validity can be affected by the length, selection of topics, and some other factors of the test. (b) Construct validity can be obtained if the test proves the theoretical construct on which it is based. (c) Empirical validity is possessed if the results of a test correlate with some external criteria. Empirical validity can be "concurrent", when test results match the results of other valid tests or independent measures or "predicative". (d) Face validity is based on the subjective judgment of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.
Reliability can be defined as consistency. If a test produces the same or very similar results when given to the same candidates twice in succession or marked by different people, it is regarded as having high degree of reliability. There are two sorts of reliability. (a) Stability reliability means that a measuring device is stable if it gives the same reading when used twice on the same object, assuming there is no change in the object between the two measurements. (b) Equivalence reliability means that a measuring device is equivalent to another if they produce the same results when used on the same objects.
There are some problems with the first question because it violates the requirement of content validity. This question measures the mathematics knowledge, but it fails to measure what is supposed to measure.
The second question violates the requirement of reliability because different results will be reached in different contexts.
The third question is against the construct validity, because it is too specific. Failure to answer the question correctly does not mean that the testee does not know other verbs' past tense.

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查有效测试的必要条件。Lado从心理测量. 结构主义的观点出发，认为测试应该满足以下两个基本要求：效度(validity)和信度(reliability)。效度是指测试在何种程度上考查了它想要考查的内容。效度又有几种类型：内容效度、编制效度、实证效度和卷面效度。信度可以被定义为一致性。如果把相同的测试连续两次给同一个被试者，或者是让不同的人给同一试卷打分，如果我们会得到相同或相近的结果，那么这样的测试就被认为具有信度。信度又可以分为稳定性信度和等值信度。