问答题
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Read the following text carefully and then
translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be
written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. {{/I}} 62. {{U}}While there
are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to
recreate and explain the significant events of the past.{{/U}} Caught in the web
of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew that
is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is
always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The
irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their
efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 62.
{{U}}Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to
the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal
quarrels among historians themselves.{{/U}} While history once revered its
affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to
afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing
rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science
methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of
historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary
world. 63. {{U}}During this transfer, traditional historical
methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new
forms of evidence in the historical study.{{/U}} Methodology is a term that
remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 64. {{U}}There is
no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various
branches of historical inquiry.{{/U}} Historians,
especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been
accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy."
Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly
identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical
implementation. 65. {{U}}It applies equally to traditional
historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of
sources and to social science historians who equate their activities with
specific techniques.{{/U}}