阅读理解 To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors. 　　If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don''t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable. 　　Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies. 　　For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

单选题 The author intends to tell us that

单选题 The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】第2段表明，Aristotle的错误在于未做实际观察，而其中第4句：强不知以为知是一个致命的错误，我们都容易犯这种错误。据此，只有D项与文意一致，是其概括性的变换说法。A项与第2段第1句意思不符：该句说，observation(观察)只适用于通过观察可解决的问题，而非能避免一切错误。B项与该段文意不符。C项对句中的device(= procedure步骤；方法)有意误释为aparatus(装置)，诱不顾文意者入瓮

单选题 Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】题干中的be subject to相当于文中的be liable to(易于……的)，而unlikely将句子否定掉，故只有C项(只要不相信无法得到证实的对事物的认识)符合第2、 3段内容，即勿强不知以为知。A项将rules释为rules of observation and imagination(观察与想象规则)，而实际上第1段中的rules是指第2、3、4段分别提出的防止silly errors的三条规则。B项与末段末句意思相悖。D项中的reconcile with sb．(与……言归于好)是文章末句中 realizing the possible reasonableness of…(了解……可能有道理)的有意误释。

单选题 According to the text, it is true that

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】第3段第3句：如果你对与你相反的意见感到恼火，这就表明你下意识地认识到自己的想法没有充足的理由了。B项与此相符，为正确说法。 A项与第1段第2句意思不符。C项与第3段第5句意思相悖。D项将该段第6句作了错误的改写，致使意思大相径庭。该句意思是：每当你发现自己对不同的意见感到恼火时，你就要当心了(be on your guard)；经过检验，你会发现自己的想法无证据证明是正确的。