【正确答案】正确答案：Oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice notices that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. After careful observation and analysis, Grice finds out that people seem to follow some principle which is known as Cooperative Principle(CP). To specify the CP further, Grice introduces four categories of maxims as follows; Quantity; make your contribution as informative as what is required instead of making your contribution more informative than what is required. Quality;try to make your contribution one that is true. Do not say what you believe are false or you fail to find any evidence to support what you say. Relation: make your contribution relevant. Manner;avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity. Be brief and orderly.(4 points) People generally have CP and its maxims to guide them when they were speaking, though sub-consciously or even unconsciously. The conversational implicature arises as the CP is violated. In other words, conversational implicature refers to the additionally conveyed meaning which is dependent on context of utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and the listener in order to maintain CP.(3 points) In the conversation mentioned above, A asks B whether they can have a talk. Instead of giving a direct and clear answer, B mentions to A that there is a meeting waiting for him to attend. In this way B obviously provides more information to A than necessary, and B"s answer is irrelevant to A"s question. These violations of both quantity and relation indicate that B neither wants to talk with A nor reject A"s proposal abruptly, so he uses the meeting as an excuse to save both of them from embarrassment, at the same time attains his own goal.(3 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查格赖斯提出的会话含义理论。格赖斯指出，在日常生活中人们并不总是直白地告诉对方某事，而是采取暗示的方式。例如，C在银行工作，是A和B共同的朋友。当A问及C的近况时，B可能回答“哦，我想应该还不错。他喜欢他的同事，而且他还没进牢房。”此时B肯定在暗示什么。 格赖斯试图找出人们是怎样传达没有明确说出来的含义的，他认为在会话中存在某种规则，这种规则就是合作原则。格赖斯引入了四条具体准则来说明这一原则：数量、质量、关系和方式。在说话的时候，一般会有这些准则指导着我们，虽然可能是潜意识的，甚至无意识的，当人们违反这些准则时，就产生了会话含义。