【正确答案】正确答案：Mark Johnson(1987)proposes image schemas. He defines an image schema as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Image schematic structures have two characteristics; they are pre-conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space and physical manipulation of objects. Image schemas exist at a level of abstraction, operate at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete images, and " serve repeatedly as identifying patterns in an indefinitely large number of experiences, perceptions , and image formation for objects or events that are similarly structured in the relevant ways".(3 points)For example, when analyzing the following three sentences, we can notice that in English, happiness can be understood as the fluid in a container, the light and the pleasant animal.(1)Joy is welling up(涌出)in her heart.(2)She radiates joy.(3)She is as merry as a lark.(3 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查意向图示。意向图示是认知语言学中广泛使用的概念，它与隐喻的机制密切相关。意向图示指人们与外界互相感知和互相运动过程中一种反复出现的动态的样式，可以为人们的经验提供连贯性和结构性。