1. A Reading Passage Read the following passage carefully. One unusual type of behavior that some birds engage in is known as anting. This may involve a bird picking up individual ants in its beak and rubbing them all over its feathers, or a bird may lie down in an ant nest and allow the insects to crawl on its entire body. Ornithologists have long been confused by this behavior, yet they have managed to come up with a few hypotheses regarding why birds do anting. The prevailing theory is that birds use anting as a part of their molting ritual. When birds molt, they lose their old feathers so that new ones can grow in their place. This theory is popular since ornithologists have observed that anting usually occurs in late summer or early fall, which is also when molting takes place. They believe birds use ant secretions to soothe their skin after it becomes irritated when they are molting. Another notion is that birds use ant secretions to remove parasites such as lice and mites from their bodies. Ants sometimes secrete formic acid, which laboratory tests have confirmed can kill lice and mites on birds. Thus ornithologists believe that birds essentially take baths in formic acid secretions to remove unwanted parasites, thereby making their bodies cleaner. A third idea is that anting is a way for birds to prepare ants to be eaten. When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. While these liquids do not harm the birds' feathers and skin, they could be harmful if they are ingested. So birds essentially cause the ants to deplete these secretions in order to make them edible. Once the anting process is done, birds can safely consume the ants. Outlining Write an outline of the reading passage in the space provided. Main Point ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 1 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 2 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 3 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 This theory is popular since ornithologists have observed that anting usually occurs in late summer or early fall, which is also when molting takes place. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 Thus ornithologists believe that birds essentially take baths in formic acid secretions to remove unwanted parasites, thereby making their bodies cleaner. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Outlining Main Point: are some hypotheses on why birds do anting Argument 1: for molting -do anting same time when molt -birds' skin irritated by molting→ant secretions soothe skin Argument 2: to remove parasites -ants secrete formic acid→can kill lice and mites on birds -birds take baths in acid to remove parasites=cleans bodies Argument 3: to prepare ants to be eaten -ants secrete defensive liquids→could harm birds if eat ants -ants deplete secretions→birds can eat ants Paraphrasing Exercises 1 Ornithologists like the theory since birds molt and do anting at the same time of year. 2 Scientists think birds bathe in formic acid to cleanse their bodies of parasites. 3 By touching the ants, the birds cause the ants to secrete defensive liquids.
2. B Listening Lecture Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
Note-Taking Main Point _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 1 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 2 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 3 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any itching sensations. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 It's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Note-Taking Main Point: all theories on anting have holes Argument 1: don't know if molting irritates birds' skin -liquids secreted by ants might not help -could be coincidence that molt and do anting at same time Argument 2: lab tests on anting are inconclusive -not sure if do it to release formic acid -most birds have parasites, but not all birds do anting Argument 3: lab tests were in controlled environment -therefore tests are inconclusive -birds rub other substances on bodies→didn't eat them later Paraphrasing Exercises 1 We are not sure if molting irritates the skin of birds or if ant secretions relieve any feelings of itchiness. 2 While formic acid kills parasites, lab tests on birds were inconclusive. 3 Birds have been seen rubbing various substances on their bodies yet did not eat them later.
[听力原文] Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. M Professor: So, uh, that's a description of anting. It sounds pretty strange, doesn't it...? And the thing is that we've known about anting for a long time, yet we don't know for sure why birds do it. Oh, yeah, there are some theories, but there are holes in each of them. For instance, it's true that birds often do anting at the same time that they molt, so I suppose there's a possibility that the two actions are related. But here's the thing: We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any, um, any itching sensations. It could be a complete coincidence that birds do both activities around the same time. Another school of thought claims that birds use anting to induce the release of formic acid by ants to kill various parasites on the birds' skin. Well, um, it's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. In addition, you should be aware that nearly all birds have parasites on their skin and feathers, but not all birds engage in anting. Only some species do. A relatively new theory claims that anting induces ants to secrete acidic defensive liquids which could harm birds. Then, after the liquids have been depleted from the ants' bodies, the ants are more edible to the birds. This theory has the added benefit of having been replicated once in a lab. But...that was in a controlled environment, so the results are inconclusive. In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward.
3. C Combining the Main Points Read the following sentences from the reading passage and listening lecture. Then, combine each pair of sentences by using the given patterns. 1 Reading They believe birds use ant secretions to soothe their skin after it becomes irritated when they are molting. Listening We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any itching sensations. It could be a complete coincidence that birds do both activities around the same time. →The author of the reading passage ____________, but the professor says ________________________. 2 Reading Another notion is that birds use ant secretions to remove parasites such as lice and mites from th6eir bodies. Ants sometimes secrete formic acid, which laboratory tests have confirmed can kill lice and mites on birds. Listening It's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. In addition, you should be aware that nearly all birds have parasites on their skin and feathers, but not all birds engage in anting. Only some species do. →The professor admits that __________________, but he comments that __________________________________________. 3 Reading When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. While these liquids do not harm the birds' feathers and skin, they could be harmful if they are ingested. Listening That was in a controlled environment, so the results are inconclusive. In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward. →According to the reading passage, ________________________. While the professor acknowledges that this ________________________, he also remarks that ____________________________________.
1 The author of the reading passage supports this theory, but the professor says it could be coincidental that birds molt and do anting at the same time. 2 The professor admits that formic acid eliminates parasites, but he comments that laboratory tests on anting were inconclusive while also noting that not all birds do anting even though most of them have parasites. According to the reading passage, the secretions are only harmful if the ants are eaten. While the professor acknowledges that this happened in a laboratory experiment, he also remarks that birds rub other insects and flowers on their bodies but do not eat them.
4. D Completing the Essay Complete the following sample essay. Use the phrases to help you write your essay. The professor's lecture is about ________________________. The author of the reading passage ______________________________, but the professor ________________________. The first theory the professor mentions is that ____________________________________. The author of the reading passage __________________, but the professor says ________________________. Another hypothesis proposed in the reading passage is that ________________________. The professor admits that ______________________________, but he comments that ________________________________________________. A final theory the professor disregards is that ____________________________________. According to the reading passage, ______________________________. While the professor acknowledges that ______________________________, he also remarks that ______________________________.
Sample Essay The professor's lecture is about anting, an activity in which birds rub ants on their bodies or let ants crawl on them. The author of the reading passage proposes three theories regarding why birds do anting, but the professor finds fault with each one. The first theory the professor mentions is that birds do anting to get ants to secrete substances that can make their skin feel less irritated after they molt. The author of the reading passage supports this theory, but the professor says it could be coincidental that birds molt and do anting at the same time. Another hypothesis proposed in the reading passage is that anting causes ants to release formic acid, which kills parasites on birds' bodies. The professor admits that formic acid eliminates parasites, but he comments that laboratory tests on anting were inconclusive while also noting that not all birds do anting even though most of them have parasites. A final theory the professor disregards is that birds induce ants to release defensive secretions by engaging in anting. According to the reading passage, the secretions are only harmful if the ants are eaten. While the professor acknowledges that this happened in a laboratory experiment, he also remarks that birds rub other insects and flowers on their bodies but do not eat them.
问答题1.A Reading Passage Read the following passage carefully. One unusual type of behavior that some birds engage in is known as anting. This may involve a bird picking up individual ants in its beak and rubbing them all over its feathers, or a bird may lie down in an ant nest and allow the insects to crawl on its entire body. Ornithologists have long been confused by this behavior, yet they have managed to come up with a few hypotheses regarding why birds do anting. The prevailing theory is that birds use anting as a part of their molting ritual. When birds molt, they lose their old feathers so that new ones can grow in their place. This theory is popular since ornithologists have observed that anting usually occurs in late summer or early fall, which is also when molting takes place. They believe birds use ant secretions to soothe their skin after it becomes irritated when they are molting. Another notion is that birds use ant secretions to remove parasites such as lice and mites from their bodies. Ants sometimes secrete formic acid, which laboratory tests have confirmed can kill lice and mites on birds. Thus ornithologists believe that birds essentially take baths in formic acid secretions to remove unwanted parasites, thereby making their bodies cleaner. A third idea is that anting is a way for birds to prepare ants to be eaten. When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. While these liquids do not harm the birds' feathers and skin, they could be harmful if they are ingested. So birds essentially cause the ants to deplete these secretions in order to make them edible. Once the anting process is done, birds can safely consume the ants. Outlining Write an outline of the reading passage in the space provided. Main Point ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 1 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 2 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 3 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 This theory is popular since ornithologists have observed that anting usually occurs in late summer or early fall, which is also when molting takes place. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 Thus ornithologists believe that birds essentially take baths in formic acid secretions to remove unwanted parasites, thereby making their bodies cleaner. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
【正确答案】Outlining Main Point: are some hypotheses on why birds do anting Argument 1: for molting -do anting same time when molt -birds' skin irritated by molting→ant secretions soothe skin Argument 2: to remove parasites -ants secrete formic acid→can kill lice and mites on birds -birds take baths in acid to remove parasites=cleans bodies Argument 3: to prepare ants to be eaten -ants secrete defensive liquids→could harm birds if eat ants -ants deplete secretions→birds can eat ants Paraphrasing Exercises 1 Ornithologists like the theory since birds molt and do anting at the same time of year. 2 Scientists think birds bathe in formic acid to cleanse their bodies of parasites. 3 By touching the ants, the birds cause the ants to secrete defensive liquids.
【答案解析】
问答题2.B Listening Lecture Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
Note-Taking Main Point _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 1 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 2 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 3 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any itching sensations. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 It's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
【正确答案】Note-Taking Main Point: all theories on anting have holes Argument 1: don't know if molting irritates birds' skin -liquids secreted by ants might not help -could be coincidence that molt and do anting at same time Argument 2: lab tests on anting are inconclusive -not sure if do it to release formic acid -most birds have parasites, but not all birds do anting Argument 3: lab tests were in controlled environment -therefore tests are inconclusive -birds rub other substances on bodies→didn't eat them later Paraphrasing Exercises 1 We are not sure if molting irritates the skin of birds or if ant secretions relieve any feelings of itchiness. 2 While formic acid kills parasites, lab tests on birds were inconclusive. 3 Birds have been seen rubbing various substances on their bodies yet did not eat them later.
【答案解析】 [听力原文] Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. M Professor: So, uh, that's a description of anting. It sounds pretty strange, doesn't it...? And the thing is that we've known about anting for a long time, yet we don't know for sure why birds do it. Oh, yeah, there are some theories, but there are holes in each of them. For instance, it's true that birds often do anting at the same time that they molt, so I suppose there's a possibility that the two actions are related. But here's the thing: We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any, um, any itching sensations. It could be a complete coincidence that birds do both activities around the same time. Another school of thought claims that birds use anting to induce the release of formic acid by ants to kill various parasites on the birds' skin. Well, um, it's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. In addition, you should be aware that nearly all birds have parasites on their skin and feathers, but not all birds engage in anting. Only some species do. A relatively new theory claims that anting induces ants to secrete acidic defensive liquids which could harm birds. Then, after the liquids have been depleted from the ants' bodies, the ants are more edible to the birds. This theory has the added benefit of having been replicated once in a lab. But...that was in a controlled environment, so the results are inconclusive. In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward.
问答题3.C Combining the Main Points Read the following sentences from the reading passage and listening lecture. Then, combine each pair of sentences by using the given patterns. 1 Reading They believe birds use ant secretions to soothe their skin after it becomes irritated when they are molting. Listening We don't really know if birds get irritated skin from molting and if the acidic liquids produced by the ants help relieve any itching sensations. It could be a complete coincidence that birds do both activities around the same time. →The author of the reading passage ____________, but the professor says ________________________. 2 Reading Another notion is that birds use ant secretions to remove parasites such as lice and mites from th6eir bodies. Ants sometimes secrete formic acid, which laboratory tests have confirmed can kill lice and mites on birds. Listening It's true that formic acid can kill many parasites, but attempts at getting birds to engage in anting in laboratories have failed to reach any conclusions. In addition, you should be aware that nearly all birds have parasites on their skin and feathers, but not all birds engage in anting. Only some species do. →The professor admits that __________________, but he comments that __________________________________________. 3 Reading When birds come into physical contact with ants, the insects' natural defenses cause them to start secreting defensive liquids. While these liquids do not harm the birds' feathers and skin, they could be harmful if they are ingested. Listening That was in a controlled environment, so the results are inconclusive. In addition, birds have been observed rubbing millipedes, beetles, and even flowers on their feathers, but the birds weren't seen eating those things afterward. →According to the reading passage, ________________________. While the professor acknowledges that this ________________________, he also remarks that ____________________________________.
【正确答案】1 The author of the reading passage supports this theory, but the professor says it could be coincidental that birds molt and do anting at the same time. 2 The professor admits that formic acid eliminates parasites, but he comments that laboratory tests on anting were inconclusive while also noting that not all birds do anting even though most of them have parasites. According to the reading passage, the secretions are only harmful if the ants are eaten. While the professor acknowledges that this happened in a laboratory experiment, he also remarks that birds rub other insects and flowers on their bodies but do not eat them.
【答案解析】
问答题4.D Completing the Essay Complete the following sample essay. Use the phrases to help you write your essay. The professor's lecture is about ________________________. The author of the reading passage ______________________________, but the professor ________________________. The first theory the professor mentions is that ____________________________________. The author of the reading passage __________________, but the professor says ________________________. Another hypothesis proposed in the reading passage is that ________________________. The professor admits that ______________________________, but he comments that ________________________________________________. A final theory the professor disregards is that ____________________________________. According to the reading passage, ______________________________. While the professor acknowledges that ______________________________, he also remarks that ______________________________.
【正确答案】Sample Essay The professor's lecture is about anting, an activity in which birds rub ants on their bodies or let ants crawl on them. The author of the reading passage proposes three theories regarding why birds do anting, but the professor finds fault with each one. The first theory the professor mentions is that birds do anting to get ants to secrete substances that can make their skin feel less irritated after they molt. The author of the reading passage supports this theory, but the professor says it could be coincidental that birds molt and do anting at the same time. Another hypothesis proposed in the reading passage is that anting causes ants to release formic acid, which kills parasites on birds' bodies. The professor admits that formic acid eliminates parasites, but he comments that laboratory tests on anting were inconclusive while also noting that not all birds do anting even though most of them have parasites. A final theory the professor disregards is that birds induce ants to release defensive secretions by engaging in anting. According to the reading passage, the secretions are only harmful if the ants are eaten. While the professor acknowledges that this happened in a laboratory experiment, he also remarks that birds rub other insects and flowers on their bodies but do not eat them.