The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints【C1】______the construction of ideal states, such as【C2】______to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected 【C3】______valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato" s Republic, in【C4】______ the relationship of the individual to the state was 【C5】______out painstakingly without reference to 【C6】______ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero"s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in【C7】______. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it【C8】______religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was【C9】______to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the "guarantor" of Rome. All constitutional【C10】______was a method of conferring and administering the【C11】______. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the【C12】______, the family heads who formed the original senate, 【C13】______the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to【C14】______ the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved【C15】______to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on【C16】______months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.【C17】______the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing【C18】______authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only【C19】______the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous【C20】______, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
单选题
【C1】
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】解析:考查介词辨析。空格处的介词与名词短语the construction of ideal states搭配,作blueprints的后置定语,意为“…的蓝图”。for可表示对象、用途,意为“给,对,供”等,如a book for children(儿童读物)。本句中,“建设理想国家”是“蓝图”的用途,因此B.for正确。with和名词搭配常表示“具有…特征”,如a woman with a hot temper(脾气暴躁的女人);with和动词搭配常表示“用,以,借”,如Cut it with a knife.(用刀把它切开)。in表示“以,用(语言,材料等)”,如He spoke in a loud voice.(他大声说话)。to表示“到,达(某种状态)”,如She tore the letter to pieces.(她把信撕碎了。)三项均不符合题意。
单选题
【C2】
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】解析:考查动词辨析。空格处填入的动词应为不及物动词,与后面的介词to搭配。符合要求的只有C.appealed,它常和介词to搭配,意为“(对某人)有吸引力,引起(某人的)兴趣”,故选C。其他三项动词均为及物动词:tempt sb.to do sth.意为“诱惑、吸引(某人做某事)”;attract sb.to sth.意为“引起某人对某事的好感或喜爱”;transfer sb./sth.to…意为“使转移,搬迁”,均不符合题意。
单选题
【C3】
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】解析:考查句子结构及介词用法。空格所在句子中出现了倒装结构,由于其宾语intellectual exercises的后置定语较长,因此将宾补valueless提前。该句子的正常语序是Roman theorists ignored,or rejected intellectual exercises ______ valueless。能够引出宾补的介词只有C.as,如I respect him as a teacher(我尊敬他这个老师。)其他三项均不符合题意。
【答案解析】解析:考查动词短语辨析。空格所在部分was ______ out是定语从句中的谓语,由于它是被动式,因此其逻辑宾语就是该从句的主语the relationship。work out意为“计算,算出;处理,解决;计划,思考”,work out the relationship表示“想出或制定出(个人与国家之间的)关系”,符合语境,因此B.worked为正确答案。turn out意为“制造,生产;关掉,熄灭”;bring out意为“使显现,使表现出;生产,出版”;make out意为“辨认;理解,明白”,均不符合题意。
单选题
【C6】
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】解析:考查形容词辨析。选项中四个形容词为近义词。special意为“特别的,专门的”;specific意为“特殊的;明确的”;peculiar意为“奇怪的;独特的”;particular意为“不寻常的,特别的”,也意为“专指的,特指的”,这种用法的particular只用在名词前作定语,与泛指相对。根据语境可知,空格处填入的形容词修饰states or individuals,表示“特指的国家或个人”,与上文提到的“泛指的国家或个人”相对。因此应选D.particular。
【答案解析】解析:考查动词辨析。空格所在部分是even when引导的让步状语从句,其中it指代上文的Roman thought(罗马人的想法),空格处填入的动词是谓语,其宾语是religious and moral concepts。句意为:即使______宗教和道德概念,罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。D.involved意为“包含;牵涉,牵连”,代入句中,表示“即使涉及宗教和道德概念”,符合句意,为正确选项。abandon意为“放弃,抛弃”;catch意为“染病;听见,理解”;separate意为“分开,隔开”,均不符合题意。
单选题
【C9】
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】解析:考查动词辨析。空格所在部分was______为谓语动词的被动式,其主语是The first ruler,不定式结构to have…作主语补足语。文中不定式的完成式to have received表明该动作发生在空格动词动作之前,根据句意,应选择B.held,表示“统治者被认为已经获得了…”。be told to do意为“被命令、吩咐做某事”;be held to be/do意为“被认为是/做…”;suggest不与不定式连用,因此不存在be suggested to do的结构;be advised to do意为“被建议做某事”,均不符合题意。
【答案解析】解析:考查名词辨析。officers指“官员”;men指“男人们”;administrators指“管理人员,行政官员”;复数形式的fathers一般指“祖先,先父”。下文的插入语the family…senate是空格处名词的同位语,其中the family head是对father的解释,senate(参议院)与assembly(立法机构)在含义上相呼应。因此本题应选D.fathers。
单选题
【C13】
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】解析:考查动词辨析。空格处填入动词,其主语是the assembly of the fathers,宾语是the religious character。A.possessed意为“拥有;具有(特质)”,在文中可表示“具有(宗教特质)”,符合文意,为正确选项。claim意为“要求,请求,主张”;assure意为“保证,担保”,一般接sb.作宾语;enforce意为“强制执行,强行实施;强迫”,均不符合题意。
【答案解析】解析:考查逻辑关系。空格处填入的连词表示所在分句与上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,参议院拥有权力,并将它下放到各级官员手中。空格所在部分是一个长句,其主干结构是the achievement was to create the idea of continuing…authority(成就是创造持续的…权力的概念)。authority后是两个并列的分词结构,即embodied…in和conferred…作后置定语。由句意可知,本句仍然在讨论权力下放的问题,但它强调这种权力不完全属于上层阶级,也需要大众的认可。因此在含义上本句出现了转折。选项中,D.But表转折,为正确选项。And表并列,So表因果,Or表选择,均不符合题意。
单选题
【C18】
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】解析:考查习惯搭配。空格处的名词作定语,修饰authority。本文一开始就提到罗马人关于国家理论的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出现了关键词state。因此可推知,空格部分涉及的是应是“国家权力”。state authority是表达“国家权力”的习惯搭配,一般不用country或people,national authority常表示“民族权力机构”,故答案为A.state。
单选题
【C19】
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】解析:考查连词辨析。空格处填入一连词,引导后面的从句,和空格前的过去分词一起在句子中作状语。该分词结构可以扩充为一个完整的句子,即authority was conferred only ______ the mass of the people concurred,由于as和so都不与only连用,应排除。能与only连用的连词是when和if。 only when引导时间状语从句,意为“只有在…时候才…”,如Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.(只有在他看了报纸后他才知道那则报道。)only if引导条件从句,多与现在时连用,意为“只有在…条件下才…”,如Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.(只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。)正确选项为B。