单选题 We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt.
I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective.
This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethical inquiry proceed like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may "learn the hard way" that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others' "theories" or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are "tested"; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time.
Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgement. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don't have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either.
We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers; nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate.
If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people, talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we. would a poultice: after diagnosing the ailment, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.

单选题 Ethical principles are generally thought to be
[A] explicitly clear.
[B] implicitly vague.
[C] certain but non-rational.
[D] relative but not subjective.

单选题 In what way is ethics similar to language use?
[A] Both have rules to determine the optimal choice under a circumstance.
[B] Both vary according to the context they are applicable to.
[C] Both are objective, not subjective, entities.
[D] Similar sets of rules can be applied in quite different situations.

单选题 What does the author mean by saying that we may learn moral principles "the hard way"?
[A] We reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we grow older.
[B] We refute some moral principles only after we find them inconsistent.
[C] We acquire a sense of right and wrong from real life lessons.
[D] We act by ignoring our inherited altruistic tendencies.

单选题 It is implied in the passage that a relativistic view of ethnics
[A] can only be acquired after real life lessons.
[B] often generate unacceptable consequences.
[C] is more mature and rational.
[D] is too abstract to be of any practical value.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】在第三段作者提到，在我看来，对道德问题的探索基本遵循了这样一个过程：我们起初从家长、老师和全社会那里学习道德规范。长大后，我们接触到各种各样的道德观，这可能使我们对原有的信念重新考虑。或者，由于我们先天的利他主义倾向，我们发现自己在不由自主地做出某些评价。我们可能从教训中学习(道德规范)：某些行为产生了不为人接受的后果。或者，我们思考自己或其他人的“理论”或行为模式，看看它们是否一致。结果，我们的观点受到了“检验”。我们按自己认为正确的方式行动，衡量这些行为在我们和他人身上产生的后果。在时间的考验过程中，我们纠正自己的错误。
这里，作者实际上通过描述一个人道德观念确立的过程，旨在说明：经过对比和不断思考、观察而获得的一套道德规范才是更可靠、更理智的。而绝对的观念(像第一段提到的那样)是不成熟的表现，是别人灌输的。

单选题 The author asserts that the true value of ethical theory lies in
[A] its prescriptive power.
[B] its diagnostic function.
[C] its effectiveness in resolving moral dilemmas.
[D] its relevance to the situation.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】最后一段指出，如果我们这样理解道德(指上一段提到的内容)，我们就能认识道德理论的真正价值。某些人似乎认为道德理论规定我们的道德标准，他们认为应该像使用膏药一样应用道德规范：诊断疾病，治病救人。但是这种看法是错误的。任何理论都不能提供一套现成的抽象(指脱离实际情景)解决办法。道德理论重要，不是因为它们能解决所有道德难题，而是因为它们帮助我们注意到道德问题的一些突出特征，并帮助我们在实际情景(context)下理解这些问题。