Passage 2
Questions 16—20 are based on the following passage.
Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another's personalities, a newresearch has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping people'spersonalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche(心灵),theresearch finds that personality traits(特征)are"contagious”(传染的)among children."Ourfinding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can't be changed," said Dr.Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study.
The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for afull school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personalitytraits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect oneach other than people may realize.
The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015psychology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person toperson "like a disease". The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee wasenough to cause people to be rude to those around them.
The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social"climate"in their workplaces, whichincluded offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merelyseeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treattheir colleagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to acompany event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise.
Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in theworkplace can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could helpto fight against the problem.