单选题 To produce the upheaval (激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The (1) of a half-dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. (2) , an outcry (呐喊) for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction (3) among the alumni (校友) and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode (压倒) all (4) opposition. The aggressive "Young Yale" movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more (5) spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously (6) to relieve the college's poverty and demand new (7) . Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by (8) off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new (9) of public duty.
The old-style classical education received its most crushing (10) in the citadel (城堡) of Harvard College, (11) Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the (12) forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's (13) They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the (14) and the development of the (15) system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering (培养) of greater (16) in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 1872—1877. (17) the appointment of a clean (院长) to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of (18) , the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and (19) as young animals. One new course of study after another was (20) —science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.

单选题 [A] uproar [B] threshold [C] emergency [D] emergence

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】6位领袖的______为改革提供了人的动力，根据personal force.可判定选emergence，意为“出现”，其他选项不合文意。[A]uproar“骚动；喧嚷”，跟领袖无关；[B]threshold“门槛；开端”，跟领袖无关，如：on the threshold of an era of prosperity“处于繁荣时代的开端”；[C]emergency“紧急事件，紧急状况”。

单选题 [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Thereafter [D] Indeed

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】这句与上句有并列关系，都是关于引发教育界激变的原因。应选[B]Moreover“此外，并且”，其他选项不合逻辑。[A]However“然而”，表转折；[C]Thereafter“此后，以后”，表时间；[D]Indeed“的确，确实”，用于强调附加的内容。

单选题 [A] aroused [B] arose [C] roused [D] incurred

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】根据句子的语法要求，只能选择一个不及物动词，即arose“出现，发生”，如：Incompatibility may arise.“不相容的情况可能发生。”其他选项均为及物动词。[A]aroused“引起；激起”，强调唤醒或打开人的眼界去注意某种观点，如：The program is certain to arouse opposition.“那个方案一定会引起反对。”[C]roused“激起；唤起，使觉醒”，强调号召或采取行动，如：rouse sb. into action“激励某人行动起来”。[D]incurred“招致；引起；遭受”.如：incur a protest“惹起抗议”。

单选题 [A] conservative [B] conventional [C] radical [D] profound

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】反对意见应该与改革背道而驰，首先排除常用于修饰改革的[C]radical“激进的”；[B]和[D]也不合文意：[B]conventional“惯例的，常规的”；[D]profound“深厚的；深奥的”。所以选conservative“保守的”。

单选题 [A] flexible [B] liberal [C] literate [D] literary

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】耶鲁大学的运动要求更______的精神，只有liberal能修饰精神，liberal“自由主义的”，如：a liberal style of painting“不拘一格的绘画风格”，其他选项不合文意。[A]flexible“灵活的；易曲的”；[C]literate“有读写能力的，受过教育的”；[D]literary“文学上的；精通文学的”。

单选题 [A] rallied [B] assembled [C] gathered [D] summoned

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】耶鲁大学出现了运动，同时哈佛学院的毕业生也团结起来，rallied“团结；集合”，通常指为支持某观点或政党而集会，如：University students rallied in protest.“大学生举行抗议集会。”其他选项不合文意或语法要求。[B]assembled“集合”，主要指(使)人们集合到一起；[C]gathered“集合”，与assemble同义，但不那么正式； [D]summoned“召唤，召集；传讯”，及物动词，有正式命令的含义，如：summon a parliament meeting“召开国会会议”。

单选题 [A] resource [B] orientation [C] reserve [D] enterprise

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】enterprise作不可数名词时意为“进取心，事业心”，在句中符合语法和文意。[A]resource作不可数名词时意为“才智；谋略”；[B]orientation“适应”；[C]reserve“储备品；储量”。

单选题 [A] putting [B] taking [C] growing [D] letting

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】教育脱离教会的统治(off church leadership)，所以选growing，表示一个变化过程。其他选项不合文意。putting off“拖延”；taking off“拿走；起飞”；letting off“开枪；宽恕”。

单选题 [A] point [B] meaning [C] commitment [D] sense

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】能够与duty搭配的选项只有[D]sense，意为“观念；意识”，如：a keen sense of honor/inferiority“强烈的荣誉感/自卑感”，其他选项不符合搭配。[A]point“意义”；[B]meaning“意思”；[c]commitment“委托；承担义务”。

单选题 [A] blow [B] crack [C] strike [D] stroke

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】上段讲美国的教育改革，这段讲哈佛学院的具体做法。陈旧的、传统的教育在哈佛学院受到毁灭性的______。首先排除[B]crack“裂缝；爆裂声”；[C]strike“打，击，敲”和[D]stroke“打击，敲”也不合文意。所以选blow“打击”，receive a crushing blow“受到毁灭性的打击”。

单选题 [A] when [B] where [C] which [D] that

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】这是一个非限制性定语从句，由于从句中的主要成分俱全，因此排除连接代词[C]which和[D]that；[A]when指时间，也不能修饰中心词Harvard College，所以选连接副词where，指at Harvard College，其他选项不合语法。

单选题 [A] drastic [B] massive [C] extreme [D] progressive

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】文章主题为教育改革，可以描述改革力量的选项为[D]progressive，意为“革新的；进步的”，其他选项不合文意。[A]drastic“激烈的；严厉的”；[B]massive“大而重的；大规模的”；[C]extreme“尽头的；极端的”。

单选题 [A] administration [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] institution

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】Eliot博士在执政的第一年里就进行了五项改革，他在哈佛学院的任职可以表达为administration，意为“行政；管理”，指履行行政职责，其他选项不合文意。[B]manipulation“处理，操作”；[C]regulation“规则；管理”，主要指用章程、秩序或模式来命令或控制；[D]institution“公共机构；制度”，与Eliot无关。

单选题 [A] subject [B] course [C] curriculum [D] syllabus

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】能够与enlargement“扩大”构成动宾搭配的选项为[C]curriculum，意为“课程设置”，enlargement of curriculum“扩大课程没置”，其他选项不合搭配。[A]subject“科目”；[B]course“具体的课程”；[D]syllabus“大纲”。

单选题 [A] elective [B] selective [C] subjective [D] objective

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】根据前文的a broader course of study和enlargement of curriculum等可判断学校要发展选修制度，所以选elective“选修的”，其他选项不合文意。[B]selective“认真挑选的，选择的”；[C]subjective“主观的”；[D]objective“客观的”。

单选题 [A] diversity [B] maturity [C] seniority [D] versatility

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】哈佛进行的改革不仅涉及入学条件、课程设置等与教学密切相关的方面，还包括对学生成熟人格的培养。根据fostering“培养”，in student life及后文的more as young gentlemen and ______ as animals可推测答案为maturity“成熟”，其他选项不合文意或搭配。[A]diversity“多样性”；[C]seniority“长辈；老资格”；[D]versatility“多才多艺”。

单选题 [A] By [B] With [C] Upon [D] At

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】任命院长(appointment of a dean)和对纪律的明智处理(a wise handling of discipline)都是学校采取的方式，所以选By，意为“通过做某事”，其他选项不合文意。[B]With指通过使用某种工具；[C]Upon“在……时候”，表时间；[D]At指具体的时间或地点。

单选题 [A] penalty [B] code [C] virtue [D] discipline

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】根据“学生的行为更像绅士，而不是小动物”，可推断学校对他们的纪律有要求，所以选[D]discipline“纪律；行为准则”，如：keep discipline in the classroom“维持课堂纪律”，其他选项不合文意。[A]penalty“惩罚”；[B]code“规定，规则”，如：the social code of manners“社交礼貌规范”；[C]virtue“美德”。

单选题 [A] little [B] less [C] much [D] even

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】根据前面的more as young gentlemen和平行结构的要求，选less。其他选项不合语法或文意。

单选题 [A] opened up [B] set down [C] brought up [D] laid down

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】与新课程有逻辑关系的选项为[A]opened up，意为“开设”，其他选项不合文意。[B]set down“放下；记下”；[C]brought up“培养，使成长”；[D]laid down“放下；制定；铺设”。