填空题 Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Are we, as some popular writers suggest, in an "age of anxiety" ? Have the good old days of afternoon strolls in the park and summer evenings on the porch been replaced with ever-present pressure to work harder and faster and be better than everyone else? The ubiquitous ads for massages, meditation, anti-anxiety drugs, get-away vacations, and the like seem to say that most people today have been pushed near some sort of anxiety breaking point. Are we more anxious today, or do we just complain more? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}The data suggest that we may indeed have entered an age of anxiety.
{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}When you experience anxiety, you have feelings of worry, panic, fear, and dread. It is probably the emotional experience you would have if you were suddenly arrested or if you discovered that a diary containing some of your deepest secrets had been passed around among friends.
{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}You probably experienced this type of anxiety if you ever felt you were being followed by a stranger or you narrowly escaped a serious automobile accident. In case of reality anxiety, you are aware of the dangerous situation responsible for your emotional reaction.
Predictably, conscious thoughts were not particularly interesting to Freud. Thus he devoted more attention to two other types of anxiety, and in neither case are we consciously aware of the source of our anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}
Many neo-Freudian theorists adopted and adapted Freud's ideas about anxiety in their writings. For example, Sullivan considered anxiety a cornerstone of his theory. The Neurotic coping style described by Horney are also said to develop in an effort to reduce and avoid anxiety. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}
Eventually, Adler, Anna Freud, and other neo-Freudian psychologists expanded anxiety-fighting tactics to include the conscious and deliberate methods people use to deal with their anxiety. As if to acknowledge the Freudian legacy, these theorists often retained the names of the unconscious defense mechanisms when describing conscious efforts to cope with anxiety.
A. Neurotic anxiety is experienced when unacceptable id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. It is this type of anxiety that leads to ego to use defense mechanisms. Moral anxiety is brought about by the superego in response to id impulses that violate the superego ' s strict moral code. Generally, this is experienced as guilt.
B. Investigators also find that not everyone uses the same coping strategies to reduce anxiety. After a lifetime of facing various threatening situation, each of us develops an arsenal of coping strategies that we believe work for us.
C. These theorists accepted the Freudian notion that some experiences with anxiety stem from unconscious conflicts, although they emphasized the interpersonal and cultural role in this process more than Freud did. For example, Sullivan said anxiety could be overcome by developing solid relationship with other, what he called interpersonal security. Homey agreed unconscious impulses often triggered anxiety, but largely because they come into conflict with cultural standards.
D. To answer this question, one investigator examined average anxiety scores reported in published studies from the 1950s through the 1990s. Not only did anxiety scores rise throughout the five decades. but the 1980s the average American child reported higher levels of anxiety than child psychiatric patients in 1950s.
E. Although he changed his thinking about anxiety several times during his career, Freud identified three types of anxiety in his last major writing in this area. First, there is reality anxiety, or objective anxiety, which is a response to a perceived threat in the real world.
F. What do we do when faced with a potentially stressful situation, such as waiting for your dentist to start drilling or getting ready for a job interview? If you are like most people, you don't just accept the potential pain or fear as part of life. Rather, researchers find that people typically respond to stress-provoking situations with calculated efforts to reduce their anxiety.
G. Anxiety and strategies for alleviating anxiety have played an important role in the works of many psychoanalytic theorists. Although anxiety has been defined in many different ways, most researchers would probably agree that it is above all else an unpleasant emotional experience.