单选题 A bond is issued by a guarantor, usually a bank or an insurance company, on behalf of exporter. It is a guarantee to the buyer that the exporter will fulfill his contractual obligations. If these obligations are not fulfilled, the guarantor undertakes to pay a sum of money to the buyer in compensation. This sum of money can be anything from 1% to 100% of the contract value.
If the bond is issued by a bank, then the exporter is asked to sign a counter indemnity which authorizes the bank to debit his account with any money paid out under the bond.
Bonds are usually serried in connection with overseas contracts, or with the supply of capital goods and services. When there is a buyer's market, the provision of a bond can be made an essential condition for the granting of the contract. Middle Eastern countries commonly require bonds, but nowadays many other countries also require them. Most international aid agencies, such as the World Bank or the European Development Fund, and most government purchasing organizations in the developing world, now require bonds from sellers.

单选题 Before a bank issues a bond for the exporter, the issuer and the applicant should have some kind of agreement in ______ form.
A. verbal B. written. C. bond D. L/C

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】银行在为出口商发行保函以前，发行者需要和申请者签订一份书面协议。B选项符合题意。

单选题 When the supply for a certain service is less than the demand on the market, the requirement by the importer to get a bond is much ______.
A. easier B. more difficult C. more happier D. the same

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】文章第三段提到Bonds are usually…or with the supply of capital goods and services．保函通常与跨国的合同或资本项下的货物的销售服务的提供有关。所以B选项符合题意。

单选题 Under the bond terms in international business, if the exporter fails to fulfill its obligations, the compensation should be paid by ______.
A. the importer's bank B. the exporter's bank
C. the collecting bank D. the negotiating bank

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】文章第一段提到If these obligations are not fulfilled，…to the buyer in compensation。如果一旦交易不能实现，那就由guarantor(担保人)来赔偿买家的损失。guarantor在文中指the exporter's bank。

单选题 Bonds are commonly used in the Middle East area, so ______.
A. the Middle East banks often issue bonds
B. the Middle East exporters often demand bonds
C. the Middle East insurance companies often issue bonds
D. none of the above three is correct

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】中东之所以需要出具保函是因为中东有很大的buyer's market，并不是因为中东银行要保函，也不是因为中东出口商需要保函，也不是因为中东的保险公司需要保函。

单选题 Under the bond terms in international business, after the bank has paid the necessary compensation, it will make an entry to his customer's account on the ______ side.
A. debit B. credit C. assets D. liabilities

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】文章第二段提到exporter is asked to sign a…paid out under the bond。如果由银行出具保函，出口商需签订相应的赔偿保证书，这样银行才有权按照保函上的规定借记出口商账户。