Read the following passage and then complete the sentences that follow by using either words from the text or your own invention that fit the gaps. This has to be specified: The Reformation initiated the abolition of either saint or priest as mediator between God and man. this meant, on the one hand, democratization(and intensification)of the structure of belief(and of man's "whole way of life"); and, on the other hand, the weak subject("ego"), which was still in the process of developing something like an individual(social)identity, had to identify itself with the aggressor, i.e., the(potentially)punishing and terrible God. If the individual was to survive without the help of mediators it could not but identify with the institution that actually threatened its existence. This identification led to a decisive revaluation of values, the result was a re-interpretation of the Fall: Calvinism in particular tended to make its adherents forget the idea that labor was God's punishment for Adam's disobedience, by emphasizing the very different idea that untiring stewardship of the material gifts of God was a paramount religious and ethical obligation. Consequently, Bacon "envisaged getting back behind the Fall by pushing forward the frontiers of learning," and he regarded "the Fall of Man retrievable on earth by man's efforts to master his fate." On the other hand, the idea of man mastering his fate in an untiring stewardship of the material gifts of God—and thus, natura parendo vincitur, transcending the original harmony of man, nature and society—was only the theological formulation of what was intended by the Enlightenment's secular program of nature's domination by man. At the same time, the idea of historical progress came into(conscious)existence. It has to be related to the fact that the(then)revolutionary bourgeoisie developed a mode of production which depended increasingly on a constant development of the means of production. This development again was impossible if man did not increase his domination of nature(by means of the natural sciences and technology). But the Enlightenment domination of nature together with the economic and spiritual(bourgeois)individualism(from which it actually sprang)was to have a disastrous effect on the forms of men's interactions. "The exchange principle underlying the Enlightenment notion of nature as fungible atoms was paralleled in the increasing atomization of modern man, a process that culminated in the repressive equality of totalitarianism. The instrumental manipulation of nature by man led inevitably to the concomitant relationship among men. The unbridgeable distance between subject and object in the Enlightenment world view corresponded to the relative status of rulers and ruled in the modern authoritarian states. The objectification of the world had produced a similar effect in human relations." Thus, man by re-interpreting the(first)Fall caused a second one; because of the first he had lost paradise, the second was to threaten his very existence. "In class history, the enmity of the self to sacrifice implied a sacrifice of the self, inasmuch as it was paid for by a denial of nature in man for the sake of domination over non-human nature and over other men. This very denial, the nucleus of all civilizing rationality, is the germ cell of a proliferating mythic irrationality: with the denial of nature in man not merely the telos of the outward control of nature but the telos of man's own life is distorted and befogged. As soon as man discards his awareness that he himself is nature, all the aims for which he keeps himself alive...are nullified, and the enthronement of the means as an end, which under late capitalism is tantamount to open insanity, is already perceptible in the prehistory of subjectivity. Man's domination over himself, which grounds his selfhood, is almost always the destruction of the subject in whose service it is undertaken; for the substance which is dominated, suppressed, and dissolved by virtue of self-preservation is none other than that very life as functions of which the achievements of self-preservation find their sole definition and determination: it is, in fact, what is to be preserved. The irrationalism of totalitarian capitalism...has its prototype in the hero who escapes from sacrifice by sacrificing himself. The history of civilization is the history of the introversion of sacrifice. In other words: the history of renunciation. Everyone who practices renunciation gives away more of his life than is given back to him: and more than the life that he vindicates." This is, then, what the theoretician of the "dissociation of sensibility" had sensed when they noted the "derogation of instinct and emotion" by reason which had resulted in the fact that "man had ceased to feel 'the filial bond' binding him to all that is not human, and assumed without question that his part was simply to observe, to understand and to dominate the world of matter."

问答题 A possible consequence of the abolition of mediators, initiated by the Reformation, is that man could have direct access to______.(1 word)

问答题 The followers of Galvin regarded it as their most important moral duty to diligently look after ______(2 words)of the Supreme Being.

问答题 A rough equivalence could be established between a theological doctrine and the______(3 words)of man's control over nature.

问答题 The author of this passage suggests that the birth of a new idea was the result of concrete social developments of the______.(3 words)

问答题 Man's outlook on nature, largely shaped by the Enlightenment, inevitably affected his outlook on______.(2 words)

问答题 The core of all civilizing rationality, according to the author, is the______(3 words)

问答题 The moment man refuses to recognize himself as ______,(1 word)he becomes lost about his ______(1 word)for existence.

问答题 In the paragraph beginning with "thus", which phrase means "equivalent to"?

问答题 The disparagement of certain mental qualities in man causes a rupture in the connection between the human and the______.(1 word)

问答题 On the whole, the author of this passage holds a critical attitude towards modern man's treatment of______.(1 word)