单选题
The component of the healthy personality that is the
first to develop is the sense of the trust. The crucial time for its emergence
is the first year of life. As with other personality components, the sense of
trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of
growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful
movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a
sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression
intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying
experiences at this early age. Or, to say it another way, this psychological
formulation serves to condense, summarize, and synthesize the most important
underlying changes, which give meaning to the infant's concrete and diversified
experience. Trust can exist only in relation to something.
Consequently, a sense of trust cannot develop until infants are old enough to be
aware of objects and persons and to have some feeling that they are separate
individuals. At about 3 months of age, babies are likely to smile, if somebody
comes close and talks to them. This shows that they are aware of the approach of
the other person, that pleasurable sensations are aroused. If, however, the
person moves too quickly or speaks too sharply, these babies may look and cry.
They will not "trust" the unusual situation but will have a feeling of
uneasiness, of mistrust, instead. Experience connected with
feeding are a prime source for the development of trust. At around 4 months of
age, a hungry baby will grow quiet and show signs of pleasure at the sound of an
approaching footstep, anticipating (trusting) that he or she will be held and
fed. This repeated experience of being hungry, seeing food, receiving food, and
feeling relieved and comforted assures the baby that the world is a dependable
place. Later experiences, starting at around 5 months of age,
add another dimension to the sense of trust. Though endless repetitions of
attempts to grasp for and hold objects, most babies are finally successful in
controlling and adapting their movements in such a way as to reach their goal.
Through these and other feats of muscular coordination, babies are gradually
able to trust their own bodies to do their bidding. Studies of
mentally-ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly
deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important
element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the
most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or
abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Similarly, it is a common
finding of psychological and social investigators that individuals diagnosed as
"psychopathic personalities" were so unloved in infancy that they have no reason
to trust the human race and therefore, no feeling of responsibility toward their
fellow human beings.
单选题
What dose "this psychological formulation" (Paragraph 1) refer to?
A. Characteristic flavor.
B. Satisfying experiences.
C. Concrete and diversified experience.
D. Sense of trust.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】这是一道词义题。题干中的信号词出自于文章第一段最后一句话中。文章第一段指出：“信任感”的概念是一种简洁的说法，旨在表达在这个早期阶段所有婴儿的满意体验的特有感受；换句话说，这种心理表述是用来简略、概括以及综合最重要的潜在变化的。这说明，该短语指的应该是信任感。D“信任感”，与文章的意思相符。文中提到characteristic flavor和satisfying experiences时是说“信任感旨在表达在这个早期阶段所有婴儿的满意体验的特有感受”，这说明A和B并不是该短语所指的意思。文中提到concrete and diversified experience时是说“换句话说，这种心理表述是用来简略、概括以及综合最重要的潜在变化的，这些变化使得婴儿具体、多变的体验有了意义”，这指的是这些变化的作用，并不是该短语所指的意思，所以C不对。
单选题
The author implies in the passage that ______.
A. the sense of trust can grow independent of other manifestations of
growth
B. infants can develop sense of trust just as they learn to recognize people
and objects
C. children who are usually satisfied can easily build the sense of trust
than neglected ones
D. sense of trust can be developed since one baby is born
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】这是一道推论题。文章第一段第二句话指出：信任感形成的关键时期是婴儿出生后的第一年。第二段指出：信任感只有在与某东西有关联时才能够存在；因此，一种信任感只有到婴儿大到足以知道物体和人时、他们对单独的个体有某些意识时才能够发展。第三段指出：与喂食有关的体验是信任感发展的一个主要源泉。文章第四段指出：稍后一些时候的体验为信任感增添了另外的因素。由此可知，作者认为，孩子生下来以后，就可以发展信任感。D说“自从一名婴儿出生后，信任感就能够得到发展”，这与文章的意思相符。文中提到independent of other manifestations of growth时是说“信任感不是独立于其他成长形式而发展的东西”，说明A与文章的意思不符：文中提到learn to recognize people and objects时是说“信任感也不是婴儿学习如何借助身体做有目的的运动，学习辨别周围的人和物体”，说明B与文章的意思不符；文中没有提到C。
单选题
Which of following statements is NOT true according to the development
of a sense of trust?
A. A 3-month-old infant gets sense of trust from the pleasurable approach of
a person.
B. The sense of trust of an infant comes greatly from the experience of
being fed.
C. A 5-month-old infant can get the sense of trust in himself from their own
ability to do things.
D. The endless repetitions of attempts to grasp for and hold objects may
frustrate the sense of self-trust of infants.
单选题
What is the right cause of somebody's psychopathic personality?
A. Because they have been over loved and spoiled by their parents.
B. Because they have been bitterly ignored or abused in infancy.
C. Because they have not been trusted in infancy.
D. Because they have got the most serious illnesses from their
family.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题于中的信号词为psychopathic personality，出自于文章最后一段第三句话中。文章最后一段指出：精神病学家发现，最严重的疾病发生在那些在幼年时期被完全忽视、遭到严重虐待或是没有享受到关爱的病人身上；同样地，被诊断为具有“精神病态个性”的个体在幼年时期没有得到关爱，因此他们没有理由信赖人类，对他们的同胞也没有责任感。这说明，某人的“精神病态个性”的确切原因是他从小就被忽视，或是被虐待，或是不被人关爱。B说“因为他们在幼年时期被完全忽视，或是受到虐待”，这与文章的意思相符。A与文章的意思相反；文中没有提到C；文中提到the most serious illnesses时是说“精神病学家一再发现，最严重的疾病发生在那些在幼年时期被完全忽视、遭到严重虐待或是没有享受到关爱的病人身上”，这说明D不是原因。
单选题
The passage mainly tells us that ______.
A. the sense of trust is the first part of healthy personality to be
developed
B. the sense of trust is an early-formed and important element in the
healthy personality
C. trust can exist only in relation to other stages of growth
D. individuals with psychopathic personalities were usually unloved in
infancy and have no sense of trust
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】这是一道主旨题。文章第一段指出：最先发展的健康个性的要素就是信任感；信任感形成的关键时期是婴儿出生后的第一年；信任感旨在表达在这个早期阶段所有婴儿的满意体验的特有感受。第二段指出：信任感只有在与某东西有关联时才能够存在；一种信任感只有到婴儿大到足以知道物体和人时、他们对单独的个体有某些意识时才能够发展。第三段指出：与喂食有关的体验是信任感发展的一个主要源泉。第四段指出：稍后一些时候的体验为信任感增添了另外的因素。文章最后一段指出：研究以及观察显示，信任感是健康的个性中一种形成时期早、非常重要的要素。这说明，本文主要讲的是——信任感是健康个性中早期形成的重要因素。B说“信任感健康的个性中一种形成时期早、非常重要的要素”，这可以表达文章的主题。文章第一段第一句话说的是“最先发展的健康个性的要素就是信任感”，说明A不对；文中提到can exist only in relation to时是说“信任感只有在与某东西有关联时才能够存在”，并没有指出是与什么有关，所以C不对；文中提到psychopathic personalities时是说“被诊断为具有‘精神病态个性’的个体在幼年时期没有得到关爱，因此他们没有理由信赖人类，对他们的同胞也没有责任感，这是心理和社会调查人员的一个共同发现”，这只是文章最后一段提到的内容，不能表达文章的中心意思，所以D也不对。