单选题 Directions: In this section there are reading passages .followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.
Passage B

The miserable fate of Enron's employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It's the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify, That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U. S. ). Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person's stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I'm on my own. Now it became, ultimately I'll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U. S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won't provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person's economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it's worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees' 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee's 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company's problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron's 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn't prudent, but it's what some of them did.
The Enron employees' retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That's why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I'll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won't be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they're on their own.
单选题 Why does the author say at the beginning "The miserable fate of Enron's employees will be a landmark in business history"?
  • A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.
  • B. Because such events would never happen again.
  • C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.
  • D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】推断题。既然题干中提到“Enron职工的悲惨命运将是商业史上标志性的事件”，可见此事对整个商界产生了巨大的影响。公司的破产或员工失去退休积蓄并不会对整个商界产生影响，而是其产生的影响构成了标志性事件，排除A、C项。文中并未提及这种事情将不再发生，B项说法过于绝对，敝排除。从文章第二段可知，20世纪的一个audacious promise就是经济安全：政府的福利制度、劳工组织的保障、以及大企业财团的产生，让职工们普遍认为他们的工作是终身的，并且退休后肯定也有退休金。然而，从第三段开始，作者指出了这个保险体系的decline，以及由此引发的一系列政府、企业等政策的改变，进而最终导致职工们一无所有的惨状。因此可以说这次事件体现了经济安全方面的转变。故D项符合。
单选题 According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in ______.
  • A. people's outlook on life
  • B. people's life styles
  • C. people's living standard
  • D. people's social values
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题考察细节。由文章第二段倒数第四句“The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.”可知，这一系列事件带来的是人们对待生活(approached life itself)的根本性的转变，故A项“人们对生活的展望、看法”，符合题意。
单选题 Changes in pension schemes were also part of ______.
  • A. the corporate lay-offs
  • B. the government cuts in welfare spending
  • C. the economic restructuring
  • D. the warning power of labors unions
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】从文章第三段最后一句提到“President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won't provide social security for any of us.”，克林顿总统签署了一个历史性的议案减少福利。第四段第一句又提到“A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.”，即这种举措影响了退休金。因此较少福利议案的通过影响了退休金，故退休抚恤金属于采取的关于福利方面的措施，故C项符合。
单选题 Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because
  • A. the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future
  • B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment
  • C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending
  • D. Enron's offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】从文章第四段可知，401(k)与以往的defined-benefit plan一个重要的不同在于，前者是让职工在很大程度上去负责自己的经济命运(比如说自己决定要不要将那些钱做进一步的投资)，而后者则是让公司来负责。而第五段又进一步指出Enron的政策“matched a certain proportion of each employee's 401(k) contribution with company stock”即职工在公司401(k)上的投资量与他将来可以获得的公司股份挂上钩。由此可推知，职工们选择Enron作为其唯一的投资对象很可能是受了公司提供的这种免费的诱惑，故B项符合。
单选题 Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?
  • A. The 401 (k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.
  • B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.
  • C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people's mind.
  • D. Economic security won't be taken for granted by future young workers.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】文章倒数第二段第一句指出职工的唯一的投资选择(sole investment option)是造成悲剧的最大原因，从该段第二句也可看出，如果他们将投资分散在各个investment options的话，可能就不会造成这么大的悲剧，故A项正确。从文章可知，人们普遍认为I'll-be-taken-care-of，但此次悲剧不仅说明了所谓的经济安全的瓦解，也警醒了他们须为自己负责，不能再想当然以为企业、社会或者政府会为他们负责。故B、D两项都正确。从最后一段可知，人们的思想观念不可能一下子转变过来，因而有可能这样的事会再发生，故C正确。D并不是从Enron disaster得到的教训。