问答题
The most important fact in Washington"s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N. Human Rights Commission is that it was America"s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat. After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S.-led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington; the shock came in the fact that the European and other Western nations that traditionally ensured U.S. reelection turned their backs on Washington.
Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism. They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington"s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty. They are also critical of what they see as Washington"s tendency to publicise the issue of human rights, using annual resolutions at the committee to denounce China or Cuba when that conforms to U.S. foreign policy objectives but for the same reason voting alone in defence of Israel when that country is in the dock over its conduct.
Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism. They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington"s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty. They are also critical of what they see as Washington"s tendency to publicise the issue of human rights, using annual resolutions at the committee to denounce China or Cuba when that conforms to U.S. foreign policy objectives but for the same reason voting alone in defence of Israel when that country is in the dock over its conduct.
问答题
The most important fact in Washington"s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N. Human Rights Commission is that it was America"s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat.
【正确答案】
【答案解析】星期四，华盛顿政府未能再次当选为联合国人权委员会成员，这是自1947年以来的头一遭。这件事中最重要的事实是：导致美国失利的是美国的朋友，而不是美国的敌人。
[解析] 主体结构是The most important fact is that...，这里一看就明白要呈现一个事实真相。in Washington"s failure to be re-elected to the U.N. Human Rights Commission陈述了该事件，in引导介词短语作定语修饰fact, to be re-elected.为不定式作定语修饰failure, on Thursday, for the first time; since 1947则是时间状语，明确事件发生的时间及其他相关信息。第一个that连接一表语从句，第二个that是强调句it is...that结构。理解原结构后可根据实际情况采用切分、拆分、插入、重组等方法。本句采用了重组方法。
failure被译作“未能”，实现了肯定到否定的转换。译者应注意肯定和否定之间的转换。一些英语名词，如absence，ignorance，omission，lack，reluctance，loss，zero，variance，negation等，本身具有否定涵义，译作汉语时常转换成否定词语。
Sam continued to look absently at the see.山姆一直 心不在焉 地看着大海。
But that is very extraordinary. It seems against nature.不过那件事很不寻常，似乎 不符合 自然规律。
You"d better write down his address now before you forget it.趁 还没有 忘记，你最好现在就把他的地址写下来。
failure被译作“未能”，实现了肯定到否定的转换。译者应注意肯定和否定之间的转换。一些英语名词，如absence，ignorance，omission，lack，reluctance，loss，zero，variance，negation等，本身具有否定涵义，译作汉语时常转换成否定词语。
Sam continued to look absently at the see.山姆一直 心不在焉 地看着大海。
But that is very extraordinary. It seems against nature.不过那件事很不寻常，似乎 不符合 自然规律。
You"d better write down his address now before you forget it.趁 还没有 忘记，你最好现在就把他的地址写下来。
问答题
After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S.-led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington;
【正确答案】
【答案解析】毕竟，中国、古巴以及在人权委员会中受到以美国为首批评的其他国家总是会投票和游说反对华盛顿。
[解析] 主体结构是China and Cuba and other targets of criticism were going to vote and lobby against Washington, U.S. -led修饰criticism，意为美国为首的批评。targets(目标)这里指“批评的对象”，由于前面提到了中国和古巴两个国家，因此翻译中要添加“国家”一词，译作“以美国为首批评的其他国家”。
criticism这里译成动词，targets of criticism译作被动语态“受……批评的国家”，可以看出对criticism进行了词性转化和语态转化两重处理。同样的例子还有下文中的the shock came in the fact that...的译法。名词shock译成汉语的使动结构，被译作“令人震惊的是……”。in the committee意思是“委员会中”，译文添加“人权”两个字。英汉互译中经常会根据语义需要或背景知识进行添加，将原文的隐含意义表达出来。如：
Our "program" is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define "thinking" in terms of our creativity in literature, art, science and technology.我们 大脑的 “程序”非常复杂，所以也许我们喜欢从文学、艺术、科学和技术方面的创造力来定义“思考”这个概念。
They wanted a generation of American conditioned to loyalty and duty.他们要把一代美国人培养成忠于国家、恪尽职守的一代人。
criticism这里译成动词，targets of criticism译作被动语态“受……批评的国家”，可以看出对criticism进行了词性转化和语态转化两重处理。同样的例子还有下文中的the shock came in the fact that...的译法。名词shock译成汉语的使动结构，被译作“令人震惊的是……”。in the committee意思是“委员会中”，译文添加“人权”两个字。英汉互译中经常会根据语义需要或背景知识进行添加，将原文的隐含意义表达出来。如：
Our "program" is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define "thinking" in terms of our creativity in literature, art, science and technology.我们 大脑的 “程序”非常复杂，所以也许我们喜欢从文学、艺术、科学和技术方面的创造力来定义“思考”这个概念。
They wanted a generation of American conditioned to loyalty and duty.他们要把一代美国人培养成忠于国家、恪尽职守的一代人。
问答题
The shock came in the fact that the European and other Western nations that traditionally ensured U.S. reelection turned their backs on Washington.
【正确答案】
【答案解析】令人震惊的是，以往一贯确保美国连选连任的欧洲国家和其他西方国家，这次竟然背叛了华盛顿。
[解析] 主句the shock came in the fact that...后接一同位语从句，被译作“令人震惊的是……”。翻译同位语从句可以用逗号，冒号、破折号或增加“这样，这一，即”等字眼将主句和同位语从句断开。
原文将European and other Western nations赋予人的特征，因此turned their backs on…形象地通过“背转，用背对……”这一动作表达了“背叛”的意思。理解了这一修辞手法的运用，翻译时就不会产生误解，与turn back“往回走，翻回到，折转”的意思相混淆。
原文将European and other Western nations赋予人的特征，因此turned their backs on…形象地通过“背转，用背对……”这一动作表达了“背叛”的意思。理解了这一修辞手法的运用，翻译时就不会产生误解，与turn back“往回走，翻回到，折转”的意思相混淆。
问答题
Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism.
【正确答案】
【答案解析】很显然，许多惯常支持美国的国家未将选票投给美国，是对美国的单边主义表示不满。
[解析] 1)词义引申。traditional“传统的”，即从人权委员会成立以来一直是支持美国连任的，因此可转译为汉语副词)惯常，一贯”。
2)词性转换。U.S. supporters即“美国的支持者”，译文将名词转换成动词，译成“支持美国”。
3)正反互译。withdrew their votes“撤消/撤回/收回他们的选票”，译文将肯定义用否定的形式表达出来，译作“未将选票投给美国”。
4)词的添加。withdrew their votes译作“未将选票投给美国”，原文中并没有出现America，译者根据上下文意思进行了语法意义上的添加，作“投给”的宾语。
2)词性转换。U.S. supporters即“美国的支持者”，译文将名词转换成动词，译成“支持美国”。
3)正反互译。withdrew their votes“撤消/撤回/收回他们的选票”，译文将肯定义用否定的形式表达出来，译作“未将选票投给美国”。
4)词的添加。withdrew their votes译作“未将选票投给美国”，原文中并没有出现America，译者根据上下文意思进行了语法意义上的添加，作“投给”的宾语。
问答题
They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington"s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty.
【正确答案】
【答案解析】从禁止使用地雷到京都防止气候变暖条约，在一系列问题上华盛顿总是不理会国际上达成的共识，这使得这些国家越来越懊恼。
[解析] 主结构是They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington"s tendency，紧接的不定式to ignore the international consensus on issues作定语修饰名词tendency。ranging from...to...是现在分词作后置定语修饰issues。译时可对各部分内容进行拆分并重新调整顺序。为了突出主要部分，原句使用被动结构，将本来层层修饰而显得很长的主语置于介词by后面，译时可将这部分提前并译作主动语态。将这部分内容译完后，用“这”一字概括前面内容，并作为后面部分的主语。英语中有很多被动结构都可译作主动结构，这时语序要进行相应调整。如：
Customers have been marketed more intensely by an increasing number of financial institutions.越来越多的金融机构正以更趋强化的手段争取客户。
The agricultural industry in New Zealand has developed a comprehensive extension service, which allows for new ideas to be disseminated widely to the farming community.新西兰的农业已形成一套综合传播服务机制，从而可以向广大农户传播新的农业知识。
Customers have been marketed more intensely by an increasing number of financial institutions.越来越多的金融机构正以更趋强化的手段争取客户。
The agricultural industry in New Zealand has developed a comprehensive extension service, which allows for new ideas to be disseminated widely to the farming community.新西兰的农业已形成一套综合传播服务机制，从而可以向广大农户传播新的农业知识。
问答题
They are also critical of what they see as Washington"s tendency to publicise the issue of human rights, using annual resolutions at the committee to denounce China or Cuba when that conforms to U.S. foreign policy objectives but for the same reason voting alone in defence of Israel when that country is in the dock over its conduct.
【正确答案】
【答案解析】他们还提出批评，认为华盛顿总是在人权问题上大做文章，只要符合美国外交政策的目标，就会利用年度的人权委员会决议去谴责中国或古巴，但出于同样理由，当以色列的行径遭到众多国家谴责，美国却独自投票偏袒以色列。
[解析] 主结构They are critical of Washington"s tendency to publicise the issue of human rights，后接两个现在分词using...和voting...作方式状语。to denounce China or Cuba是动词不定式作目的状语，说明using annual resolutions at the committee的目的是为了“谴责中国或古巴”。when后引导一状语从句，修饰using annual resolutions at the committee。其中that指代前面提到的利用年度决议谴责他国事项。voting也是一现在分词，与using...形成转折关系，也就是说美国一方面“利用年度的人权委员会决议去谴责中国或古巴”，但另一方面又“独自投票偏袒以色列”，与前面的when that conforms to U.S. foreign policy objectives一样，when that country is in the dock over its conduct也是状语从句，修饰voting alone in defence of Israel。去除细节部分后我们可用下图清晰反映原句的结构。
