单选题 Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye"s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America"s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion. The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate. Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.

单选题 From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli"s idea of hard power is______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】解析：本题的信息点是Mr．Machiavelli’s idea of hard power“Machiavelli先生的硬权力的思想”并限定在前两段。解答此类问题时，我们一定要在所限定的段落把涉及题目信息点的语句进行拉网式排查，先从语言角度理解相关各句，再回头对各旬表述的信息进行整理，最后把各句表述的信息与题目所给的四个选项逐一对比，做出正确选择。在阅读查找本题信息点时，我们会发现在本文前两段中真正涉及到Machiavelli对硬权力看法的语句是在第二段最后两句。在上文介绍了Machiavelli的研究结论之后，接下来写到In short，hard power is preferable to soft power．But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion．“简而言之，硬权力比软权力更好。但是当代研究领导力的专家们却通过研究得出了截然相反的结论。”由此我们可以看出文章中关于Machiavelli对硬权力的看法是1)硬权力比软权力好；2)现代领导学理论与Machiavelli的结论相反。由此确定本题答案为D项。

单选题 Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】解析：本题的信息点是makes soft power more important“使得软权力更重要”，我们可以推断，文章中一定有语句涉及到“使得软权力更重要”的一个或者几个因素。我们阅读查找信息点时会注意到在文章第三段第二句出现了该信息点：making soft power ever more important。显然，“使得软权力更重要”的因素在该句的前半部分In modem companies and democracies．power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined“在当今的企业和政坛，权力日益分化，传统的等级制度正在瓦解”。由此确定本题答案为C项正确。本题信息点很明显，但是对diffused“散开，瓦解”是否理解成了能否正确选择的关键。

单选题 In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】解析：本题信息点是Mr．Nye has examined all the following aspects“Mr．Nye研究了哪些方面”。我们可以确定文章中一定有语句涉及该信息点，在阅读查找信息点时我们会找到该信息点出现在文章第四段第三句He examines different approaches to leadership，the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader．。对该句加以理解我们发现他探讨的话题包括1)different approaches to leadership“不同的领导方法”：2)the morality ofleadership“领导的道德”和3)复杂的大环境如何决定某一个特定的领导者领导力的有效发挥。把这三个研究内容与本题选项对照，我们发现1)因素对应C项；2)因素对应D项：3)因素对应B项。由此确定本题答案为A项。

单选题 Mr. Nye"s book is particularly valuable in that it______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】解析：本题的信息点是Mr．Nye’s book is particularly valuable“Mr．Nye的书特别有价值”。我们可以确定文章中一定有语句涉及到该信息点，在阅读查找该信息点时我们发现该信息点出现在文章第四段第二句…but Mr．Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single，slim volume“但Nye先生还是不遗余力地对各种各样的有关领导力的学术研究和理论进行了搜集整理和总结，用一本薄薄的书将这些内容全部涵盖”。对该句加以理解我们得知Mr．Nye的书的价值在于“收集并总结了各种研究和理论并将其用一本薄书展现”。由此我们确定本题答案为B项。