【正确答案】正确答案：According to Brown and Levinson, "face" means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself. They believe that when the speaker comes into any conversation, he has two seemingly conflicting face wants; a negative face want, which is the desire to act unimpeded by other people; and a positive face want, which is the desire to be liked by others. They define negative face as the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction, i. e. , to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.(8 points) (1)Come here, Johnny. This sentence may damage the hearer"s negative face, because it creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act.(3 points) (2)Passengers please refrain from smoking. It may damage the hearer"s positive face, because the speaker indirectly indicate that he dislikes some aspect of the hearer"s possessions, desires, or personal attributes.(3 points) (3)I just want to ask you if I can use your bike. It may damage the hearer"s negative face, because it creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act.(3 points) (4)You must be tired after the long flight. Shall we talk about the contract tomorrow? It may damage the hearer"s negative face, because it creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act.(3 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查面子理论中的积极面子和消极面子。积极面子是指希望得到别人的肯定、赞同和喜爱；消极面子是指希望有自主的自由，自己的行为不受别人的干预和妨碍。威胁面子的言语行为大致可分为四大类：(1)威胁听话人消极面子的言语行为：说话人向听话人命令、请求、劝告、威胁、警告；(2)威胁听话人积极面子的言语行为：说话人不同意听话人的见解，给予听话人批评、蔑视、抱怨、谴责、指控、侮辱，对听话人的积极面子持否定态度；(3)威胁说话人消极面子的言语行为：说话人向听话人表达谢意、接受批评，对听话人过时的反应作出违心的许诺或提供非情愿的帮助；(4)威胁说话人积极面子的言语行为：说话人的道歉、接受批评或恭维、忏悔、承认有罪或有错等。