完形填空 In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had【C1】______that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that【C2】______variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the【C3】______are not solely fixed by the genes.【C4】______, the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly【C5】______instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best【C6】______the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly【C7】______they hatch, ducklings fix【C8】______any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are【C9】______for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably【C10】______, even ones that have a considerable base【C11】______by genetics.
Even among the social insects something like imprinting【C12】______influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 【C13】______instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally【C14】______very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or【C15】______fail to nurture the young.

单选题 21.【C1】

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】assume意为“假定，设想”，多用于未证实的假定，根据题意，“早期的科学家，假定非人类动物的社会生活几乎完全是天生的，或是由遗传决定的”，所以A项为正确答案。B项adopt意为“采用，接受”；C项believe意为“相信”；D项surmise意为“猜测，推测”，相当于“guess”。例如：She surmised as such．她如此猜测。

单选题 22.【C2】

单选题 23.【C3】

单选题 24.【C4】

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】A项What’s more表示递进；B项Hence意为“因此，所以”，表示因果关系。文中上段提到“学习是动物的社会生活的部分”，第二段接着讲“学习发生在动物小时候的印象中期”，两段间不存在递进或因果关系。But在表转折时般不与句子分开，所以D项However为正确答案。

单选题 25.【C5】

单选题 26.【C6】

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】A项clarifies意为“使清楚，阐明”，例如：The government has time and again clarified its position on equal pay for women．政府已经反复阐明政府对男女同工同酬的立场。B项classifies意为“分类，使……成为机密”；C项defines意为“下定义，界定”；D项outlines意为“画轮廓，作大纲”。根据原文的意思“个例证很好地阐明了‘印象’的本质”，A项clarifies为最佳答案。

单选题 27.【C7】

单选题 28.【C8】

单选题 29.【C9】

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】此处可翻译为：“如果在‘印象’发生时，用篮球或公文包代替母鸭，小鸭子也许会跟随它们。”B项substituted意为“替代；调换(常与for连用)”，例如：substituted A for B，意为“用A代替B”。A项appropriated意为“拨给(款项等)供专用”，例如：The government appropriated a large sum of money for building schools．政府拨出大笔钱修建学校。C项assigned意为“指派”；D项distributed意为“分发，分配”。只有B项符合题意，所以B为正确答案。

单选题 30.【C10】

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】D项alter意为“改变，更改”，相当于change，符合题意。A项vary意为“变化，使不同(强调范围变化)”，vary from…to…意为“从……到……不等；在……到……之间”，例如：The temperature varies from time to time．温度常常变化。B项deviate意为“越出正轨，违反”。C项differ意为“使相异”。