阅读理解 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

单选题 36.According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】根据文中第二段的“It is now clear that this is not so．Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome．”可知：如今已清楚，事实并非如此。婴儿学做某些动作，是因为这些动作在周围世界产生成功结果，而不只是带来奖励。据此可知，婴儿学会做事情会给他们带来成功的感觉。C项正确。

单选题 37.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】根据文中第三段的“Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure．”可知，有足够牛奶喝的婴儿尽管会拒绝牛奶，但仍会愉快地继续做学会的动作，这种迹象十分明显。据此可知，没有得到牛奶的婴儿会继续做简单的动作，C项正确。

单选题 38.In Papousek's experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】根据文中第三段的“He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement‘switched on’a display of lights”可知，帕布塞科很快发现，如果接通光源，四个月大的婴儿也能学会左右转头。据此可知，婴儿做转头动作是为了把灯打开，A项正确。

单选题 39.The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】根据文中第四段的“…they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would‘smile and bubble’when the display came on．Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them，it was the success that…bring it under intentional control．”可知，当打开显示器时，婴儿们有时会“咯咯笑着吐泡泡”，但他们不会转过头来紧盯着光源。帕布塞科推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的原因，根本不是看到灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧的成功，因而断定人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望。据此可知，婴儿会笑是因为他们成功地打开了灯，D项正确。

单选题 40.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】根据文中第四段的“Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them，it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill，and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control．”可知，帕布塞科推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的原因，根本不是看到灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧的成功，因而断定人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望。据此可知，婴儿从成功完成某件事中获得的乐趣反映了人类想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。A项正确。