Passage 1
The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics turn attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be supported by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is the information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience, and upon such factors as cost and availability.
What is the author's attitude towards standardized tests?
文章第一段第二句提到“The target is wrong”，表明作者对社会上抨击标准化考试这一行为不赞同。第一段最后一句“Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user”表明作者认为考试结果大部分取决于做题者。由此可知作者对标准化考试持肯定态度。故选 B。
Why is the target of attacks considered to be wrong?
文章第一段作者提到“The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics turn attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users”。由此可知，人们批评标准化考试是错误的，原因就在于他们把注意力从消息不灵通，自身实力欠佳的人转移开了。也就是忽视了做题者的知识储备不足这一事实。故选C。
“All informed predictions” in Paragraph 2 means all predictions that ________.
文章第二段开头提到“All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance”。由此可知，所有的知情的预测是根据过去相关表现得出的。也就是过去学习中知识的积累，即对测试题的扎实知识储备。 故选A。
One's predictions are never 100% accurate because ________.
文章第二段最后一句提到“Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error”。意思为“任何保持谨慎评分的人都知道， 可用的信息总是不完整的，而且预测总是容易出错。”由此可知，我们接受的信息总是不完整的。故选C。
According to the author, what is the context in which standardized tests should be considered?
文章最后一段开头就提到标准化考试应考虑的背景。第二句提到“… he is the information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information…”。由此可知，标准化测试应该提供关于测试者有质量的信息。故选C。