Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical irnl0ortance. For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of manor domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the. objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought. There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, the science of bacteriology originated largely from Pasteur"s investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most riel& have already been well worked over and marry of the easy and obvious things have been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied research for they tend to be complementary.
单选题
It is generally believed that in applied investigation
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】解析：本题问普遍认为在应用研究中…。根据第一段第二至六句，可知人们普遍认为理论研究没有实用价值，而应用研究有实用价值，故"要实现的是具有实用价值的结果"所描述的性质是"applied research"所具有的特性。研究人员追踪出乎意料的感兴趣的线索；科学家先得到新发现，然后试图使用；是人而不是项目受到支持：此三项都是"pure research"的特点，与应用研究无关。由首段第四句中"...pure research，which allows the worker to follow unexpected，interesting clues..."可知是"pure research"的特点；由首段末句中"(b)that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought"可知也是"pure research"的特点(注意本句中(a)后的内容对应于应用研究，而(b)后的内容对应于理论研究)；由首段第五句中"it is the project which is given support，whereas in pure research it is the man"可知还是"pure research"的特点。
单选题
According to the author,
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】解析：本题问根据作者…。由第一段第二句可直接得出"arbitrary"、"loose"分别与"impersonal"、"accurate"互为反义词，故"通常对于研究的分类既不准确又不客观"正确。对于原生动物的研究是理论研究：由第一段第七句"For example...be termed applied．"可知对原生物的研究既有可能是理论研究也有可能是应用研究。在现代社会应用研究受歧视：第二段首句谈到"There exists in some circles...intellectual snobbery and ten dency to look contemptuously on applied investigation"，可以看出只是在某些圈子里应用研究受到轻视，不能笼统地说为整个社会都歧视应用研究，本项属于过度引申。X射线是在应用研究中发现的：根据第一段第四句"...the discovery of electricity, X-rays...originated from pure research..."可知X射线是在理论研究中发现的。
单选题
Some people look down on applied research because they think that
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】解析：本题问一些人看不起应用研究是因为他们认为…。第二段第二句指出人们常常忽视应用科学是由于两个常见错误：一是应用研究不会产生新知识，二是纯理论研究是更高级的脑力劳动，难度更大。"应用研究不会产生新知识"符合第一种错误认识。它是一种预先安排好的研究：文中未提及，文中只说它是以实用为目的。在应用研究中获得成果更难：这是作者的观点，是作者批评对应用研究的轻视时所阐述的观点，它不是有些人攻击应用研究的原因。在应用研究中不需要特定的科研能力：两种研究都需要科研能力，只是人们常常错误地认为"pure re search"比"applied research"要求更高的科研能力。
单选题
It can be inferred from the text that
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】解析：本题问从这篇文章可以推理出…。第二段倒数第三句作者在论述应用研究也很有难度时，特意提出"in applied research most fields have already been well worked over"，可以推出，理论研究中有些领域并没有被完全探讨。故"理论研究的某些领域没有被完全探讨"正确。应用研究需要更强的科研能力：推理错误。第二段指出认为理论研究比应用研究需要更强的科研能力这种看法是错误的；但反过来认为"applied research"要求更高的科研能力也是没有根据的。应用研究比理论研究低级：作者认为两种研究都重要，应该平等对待，谈不上谁比谁低级。除非应用于实践，否则知识没有用：首段谈到理论研究者认为应该为知识本身而进行研究，而且这些研究多数也是有用的。作者并没有批驳这个观点，而且举了些electricity，X-ray的例子来说明这个观点，可见作者对此观点应该是赞同态度。而本项内容却与此观点相悖，故不正确。
单选题
Which of the following most accurately describe the pattern of the text?