问答题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined
segments into Chinese. {{U}} {{U}} 1
{{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}While there are almost as many definitions of history as there
are historians, modem practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as
the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.{{/U}}
Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians
determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the
evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial
or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always
know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge
to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal
quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to
literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater
opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an
understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a
discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the
imperatives of the contemporary world. {{U}} {{U}}
2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}During this transfer, traditional historical methods
were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms
of evidence in the historical study.{{/U}} Methodology is a term that remains
inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. {{U}}
{{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}There is no agreement whether methodology
refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the
research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical
inquiry.{{/U}} Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests
that they have been accused of "tunnel method", frequently fall victim to the"
technicist fallacy". {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Also common
in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the
discipline as a whole with certain parts of its
technical implementation.{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 5
{{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It applies equally to traditional historians who view history
as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science
historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.{{/U}}