单选题
When European education ministers met in Bologna in 1999 and promised within a decade to forge a common market for universities, it seemed mere Euro-rhetoric. Big obstacles stopped students nipping abroad for a term, or getting degrees recognized. Many countries offered no degree below Masters level. Some examined course modules separately, others all in one go. Under the Erasmus programmed many students traveled to other European countries for between a term and a year—but they often found their universities reluctant to give them credit for it. Yet on April 28th no fewer than 46 European education ministers—from the European Union and 19 other countries, including Russia and Turkey—will gather in another ancient university city, Leaven, to declare the "Bologna process" a triumph. A "European credit-transfer system" is on its way; next year will bring a "European higher education area". There will be a standardized "diploma supplement" giving details of what students have learnt. And three-year Bachelors degrees followed by two-year Masters are now the general rule, with few exceptions. "The big surprise was that the Bologna process worked at all," says Jean-Marc Rapp, president of the European University Association. Bologna is neither an inter-governmental treaty nor an EU law. It credits the eastern European countries that joined Bologna in 1999 for some of the success. Their governments were itching to reform communist-era universities and delighted to have a template for it and their students were wild to travel. Another reason why some governments embraced Bologna was to give cover for reforms they wanted anyway. Shorter, more work-related degrees appealed to the Germans, keen to stop students hanging on for years at taxpayers' expense. In France, changes to university financing have been called "Bologna". In Spain "Bologna" is the excuse for introducing fees for Masters degrees. Many students now anathematize "Bologna" as a capitalist plot. They plan protests in given; already, students have taken to the streets in France, Italy, Spain and Greece. The resemblance to the Anglo-American system, plus Bologna's emphasis on graduate employability, is big grievances. Some academics fret that the secret aim is to privatize universities. Bologna's endorsement of more autonomy could lead (horrors!) to more freedom for universities in hiring, promotion and pay. Europe is littered with historic universities (Bologna is the oldest, founded in 1088). But the paucity of European institutions and the ubiquity of American ones at the top of international league tables are a constant reminder of the gap between glorious past and mediocre present. For believers, Bologna shows the way to a future that will be glorious once more. Yet this vision of self-governing universities, footloose students and job ready graduates omits one big reason for European universities' decline: money. In America, the gap between what governments pay and what universities need is made up privately, mainly by tuition fees. In most of Europe students pay nothing. Even in England, tuition fees are capped by the government at low levels. Europe's universities have seen funding per student fall behind wage inflation by 1—2% a year over three decades. America devotes far more of its GDP to higher education. Burgle, a Brussels-based think-tank, finds that universities carrying out top-class research and leading league tables have both more autonomy and more money. If Europe delivers only one of these, it may not be enough.
单选题
Which of the following is CORRECT about Bologna? [A] It is an ancient university city. [B] Bologna process is mere Euro-rhetoric. [C] Bologna is an EU law. [D] Bologna is the common market for universities.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】细节题。题干为“关于博洛尼亚，下面哪个选项是正确的”。回文定位到第一段首句“European education ministers met in Bologna in 1999”和第二段首句“Yet 0n April 28th no fewer than 46 European education ministers...will gather in another ancient university city，LeLwen”，将两句话对应，由“another”可知Bologna和Leaven都是古老的大学城。因此选项[A]“是个古老的大学城”为正确答案。选项[B]“博洛尼亚进程只是一个欧式的花言巧语”，而原文说的是1999年博洛尼亚会谈做出的许诺“看起来像”(seem)只是个欧式的花言巧语，且第二段首句又指出欧洲国家的教育部长将再次会晤并宣布博洛尼亚进程是成功的，二者相冲突，故排除；选项[C]“博洛尼亚是欧盟法律”，第三段第二句指出“Bologna is neither…nor an EU law”，故排除；选项[D]“博洛尼亚是大学共同市场”，而原文是欧洲教育部长于博洛尼亚会晤并“prom’sad within a decade to forge a common market for universities”，故捐}除。
单选题
We can infer from the passage that Jean-Marc Rapp [A] gave full support to the Bologna process in 1999. [B] gave credit to the European countries that joined Bologna in 1999. [C] did not have much faith in the Bologna process at first. [D] intended to make Bologna an inter-governmental treaty.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】推断题。根据专有名词回文定位到第三段。选项[C]“一开始对博洛尼亚进程没有多大信心”，正好符合第三段首句，Jean-Marc Rapp的话“The big surprise was that the Bologna process worked at all”(最令人吃惊的是博洛尼亚进程竟然起作用了)，可见事情是出乎其意料的，故[C]为答案。选项[A]“在1999年全力支持博洛尼亚进程”，原文中未提到Jean—Marc Rapp在1999年对其行动．故排除；选项[B]“赞颂了1999年参与博洛尼亚会谈的欧洲国家”，而原文是将博洛尼亚取得的一些进步归功于1999年参与博洛尼亚会谈的那些东欧国家，选项说法不够准确．故排除；选项[D]“意欲使博洛尼亚成为一个政府间协定”，而原文只是提到“Bologna is nether an inter governtnelltahreaty nor an EU law”，并未提到Jilt-Marc Rapp有无此打算，故排除。
单选题
Why do some European governments accept Bologna? [A] It brings shorter and more work-related degrees. [B] These governments all benefit from it in certain ways. [C] It saves money for taxpayers. [D] They want it as a replacement for reforms.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】推断题。回文定位到第四段。选项[B]“这些政府分别以一定的方式从中受益了”，原文“Another reason why some governrtiellts embraced Bologna was to give cover for reforms they wanted anyway”，意即他们正好可以以Bologna为契机展开他们想要的改革，后面提到不同的国家(如德国、西班牙等)都因此而使节省资金、征收学费等顺理成章，由此可见选项[B]符合文意，故为答案。选项[A]“博洛尼亚(会谈)引进了时间更短、与就业挂钩更密切的学位教育”，原文中是针对德国一个国家来说的，有利于德国节省教育开支，而非其他欧洲国家接受博洛尼亚(会谈)的原因，故排除；同样，选项[C]“为纳税人省钱”也是针对德国一个国家来说的，不具有普遍性，故排除；选项[D]“他们想用博洛尼亚(会谈)来代替(教育)改革”，而原文是他们借用博洛尼亚之名以便于展开改革，二者相冲突，故排除。
单选题
The words paucity and ubiquity are of______meanings. [A] contrary [B] similar [C] irrelevant [D] identical
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】细节题。回文定位到第六段第二个句子，此题解题线索关键在于抓住该句的主干。主干为the paucity and the ubiquity are a reminder of the gap，“……是对这个落差的提醒”，由此可推断这两个词是对立的关系，更多线索来自于gap的修饰语“glorious past”，“mediocre present”，也形成了鲜明的对比，故选项[A]“相反”符合题意。paucity“少量，缺乏”；ubiquity“到处存在，普遍存在”。选项[B]“相似的”、[C]“无关的”、[D]“完全相同的”都不能表示出题干中两个词的对比关系，故全部排除。
单选题
According to the last but one paragraph, ______contribute(s) to the decline of European universities. [A] the lack of financing [B] the gap between American and European universities [C] too many tuition fees [D] poor self-governing universities