At the UN climate summit in Glasgow, world leaders have stressed the need to limit global warming to 1.5 ℃. Scientists have also said crossing the 1.5 ℃ 27 risks unleashing far more severe climate change effects on ecosystems. But what is the difference between 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃ of warming?
'Half a degree means much more 28 weather, and it can be more often, more intense, or extended in 29 ,' said climate scientist Daniela Jacob at the Climate Service Center Germany. Just this year, Greenland saw massive melting events, wildfires 30 the Mediterranean and Siberia, and record drought hit parts of Brazil. Climate change is already affecting every 31 region across the globe. More warming to 1.5 ℃ and beyond will worsen such impacts.
The difference between 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃ is 32 for Earth's oceans and frozen regions. At 1.5 ℃, there is a good chance we can prevent most of the Greenland and west Antarctic ice sheet from collapsing. That would help limit sea level rise to a few feet by the end of the century. But blow past 2 ℃ and the ice sheets could collapse, with sea levels rising up to 10 metres. At 2 ℃, more than 99% of coral reefs would be lost. That would destroy fish habitats and communities that 33 on reefs for their food and livelihoods.
As the world heats up, the risk increases that the planet will reach the 'tipping points' which will trigger irreversible impacts, though 34 when those points would be reached is uncertain. Droughts, reduced rainfall, and continued destruction of the Amazon through deforestation, for example, could see the rainforest system collapse, 35 CO2 into the atmosphere rather than storing it. That's why it's so risky to keep emitting from fossil fuels—because we're increasing the 36 that we go over one of those tipping points.
A. absorbing
B. critical
C. devastated
D. diminished
E. duration
F. exactly
G. extreme
H. inhabited
I. implication
J. likelihood
K. particularly
L. pose
M. releasing
N. rely
O. threshold
O
名词辨析题。根据risks后面的unleashing可知,risks在此是动词而非名词,risk doing sth. 意为“冒……的风险”,故推测空格所在的短语crossing the 1.5℃ ______是宾语从句里的主语,因此空格处需填入名词。空格前一句提到,世界各国领导人强调,必须把全球变暖幅度控制在1.5℃以内。空格后面提到,生态系统可能遭受气候变化带来的更严重后果,这应该是超过升温1.5℃的界限所带来的后果,由此确定名词O. threshold“(某事发生或改变的)起始点,限度”为答案。
G
形容词辨析题。空格位于more和名词weather之间,故应填入形容词。上一段提到,超过1.5℃的升温界限意味着生态系统可能遭受气候变化带来的更严重后果。本段第二句也提到了冰川融化、野火、旱灾等,这些都和极端天气有关,extreme weather意为“极端天气”,符合句意,故G. extreme“极端的”为答案。
E
名词辨析题。空格位于介词in之后,故应填入名词或动名词。空格前面出现了or,故extended in ______在语义上应该和前面的more often和more intense并列。空格前面提到,升温0.5℃意味着更多的极端天气,且这种天气会更频繁地出现,更强烈,空格前面的extended意为“长的,延长的”,推测这里指的是极端天气的持续时间可能会更长,故E. duration“持续时间”为答案。
C
动词辨析题。空格位于两个名词之间,且空格所在部分的前后都出现了主谓宾结构完整的句子,且时态为过去时,可知本句包含由and连接的三个并列分句,空格所在部分为第二个并列分句,且该分句缺少谓语,故此处应填入一个动词的过去式。空格前面提到,就在今年,格陵兰岛出现了大量的冰川融化,空格后面提到,巴西部分地区遭遇了史上罕见的旱灾,因此推测空格所在句也是在描写wildfires的相关情况,动词devastate意为“彻底破坏,摧毁”,符合句意,故C. devastated为答案。此处意为“地中海地区和西伯利亚野火肆虐”。
H
形容词辨析题。空格位于名词region的前面,本句已有谓语is affecting,故推测应填入形容词作名词region的定语。空格前一句提到,就在今年,格陵兰岛出现了大量的冰川融化,地中海地区和西伯利亚野火肆虐,巴西部分地区遭遇了史上罕见的旱灾。由此可知,气候变化已经影响到了人类居住的每个角落,H. inhabited意为“有人居住的”,符合句意,故为答案。
B
形容词辨析题。空格位于系动词和介词之间,作句子的表语,最有可能填入形容词或动词的过去分词。空格之后的几句提到,如果升温1.5℃,我们很有可能可以防止格陵兰岛和南极西部的大部分冰盖融化崩塌,但是如果升温幅度超过2℃,冰盖就会崩塌,海平面会上升10米之多,超过99%的珊瑚礁都会死亡。由此可知,全球升温1.5℃还是2℃对海洋和冰冻地区至关重要,B. critical“关键的”符合句意,故为答案。
N
动词辨析题。空格位于that引导的定语从句中,该从句缺少谓语,故空格处应填入动词。空格所在句的前一句提到,若全球升温2℃,超过99%的珊瑚礁都会死亡。空格所在句给出了这种现象导致的结果:破坏鱼类栖息地和鱼类群落。由此可知,鱼类需要依赖珊瑚礁来生存。rely on意为“依靠,依赖”,符合句意,故N. rely“依靠”为答案。
F
副词辨析题。空格处于though引导的让步状语从句中,该从句是一个主系表结构,其主语为when引导的主语从句when those points would be reached,句子主干结构完整,故推测空格处应填入副词。空格前面的主句部分提到,随着全球变暖,地球达到“临界点”,从而引发不可逆性影响的风险就会增加,though引导的从句指出,何时到达临界点还不确定。由句意判断,空格处所填词应是修饰when这个时间概念,这里应该是在强调一个具体的或精确的时间,F. exactly“确切地,准确地”符合句意,故为答案。
M
动词辨析题。空格所在句主干结构完整,故空格所在部分应为句子的状语。另外,空格所在部分出现了连接平行结构的rather than“而不是……”,由其后的storing可推断,空格处应填入动词的现在分词。空格之前的主句提到,干旱、降雨减少以及砍伐森林对亚马孙雨林造成的持续破坏将会导致雨林系统崩溃,因此,推测其带来的后果就是雨林不再储存二氧化碳,而是释放二氧化碳到空气中,此外,rather than“而不是……”一般连接语义相反的部分,由此可知,空格处所填词应与之后的storing“存储”意思相反,M. releasing“释放”符合句意,故为答案。
J
名词辨析题。空格位于定冠词the之后,故应填入名词。由上文可知,使用化石燃料持续释放二氧化碳是危险的。空格位于because引导的原因状语从句中,该从句解释了为何使用化石燃料危险:因为它会增加地球超过临界点的可能性,J. likelihood“可能性”符合句意,故为答案。