翻译题
Some people describe Darwinian evolution as "only a theory". Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700,000 people killed each year by drug-resistant infections. Resistance to antimicrobial medicines such as antibiotics is caused by the survival of the fittest. Unfortunately, fit microbes mean unfit human beings. Drug-resistance is not only one of the clearest examples of evolution in action; it is also the one with the biggest immediate human cost. Pessimists might be forgiven for thinking that they have heard this argument before. People have been worried about resistance since antibiotics began being used in large quantities during the late 1940s. Their conclusion that bacterial diseases might again become epidemic as a result has proved false and will remain so. That is because the decline of common 19th-century infections was thanks to better housing, drains and clean water, not penicillin. The real danger is more subtle—but grave nonetheless. 【F1】The fact that improvements in public health should eventually drive down tuberculosis (肺结核) rates in India hardly makes up for the loss of 60.000 newborn children every year to drug-resistant infections. Wherever there is widespread infection, there is resistance to its treatment. 【F2】The spread of resistance is an example of the tragedy of the commons; the costs of what is being lost are not seen by the people who are responsible. You keep cattle? Add antibiotics to their feed to enhance growth. The cost in terms of increased resistance is borne by society as a whole. You have a sore throat? Take antibiotics in case it is bacterial. The lack of an incentive to do the right thing is hard to correct. In some health-care systems, doctors are rewarded for writing prescriptions. 【F3】Patients suffer no immediate harm when they neglect to complete drug courses after their symptoms have cleared up, leaving the most drug-resistant bugs alive. 【F4】Because many people mistakenly believe that human beings, not bacteria, develop resistance, they do not realise that they are doing anything wrong. Because antimicrobial resistance has no single solution, it must be fought on many fronts. Start with consumption. The use of antibiotics to accelerate growth in farm animals can be banned by agriculture ministries. In both people and animals, policy should be to vaccinate more so as to stop infections before they start. By the same logic, hospitals and other breeding grounds for resistant bugs should prevent infections by practising better hygiene. 【F5】Governments should educate the public about how antibiotics work and how they can help halt the spread of resistance. Such policies cannot reverse the tragedy of the commons, but they can make it a lot less tragic.
【答案解析】①本句为主从复合句，包含一个同位语从句。同位语从句中in public health作improvements的后置定语，限定improvements的范围。句中的in India在从句中作地点状语，说明该事件发生的具体地点。②主句为主谓宾结构，其宾语为the loss，其后短语of 60，000 newborn children every year to drug-resistant infections作后置定语，说明the loss的内容。其中every year在句中作时间状语。不定式短语to drug-resistant infections作60，000 newborn children的补足语，补充说明这六万名新生儿是抗药感染的。
问答题17.【F2】
【正确答案】抗药性的传播是一个公众悲剧的例子；对损失带来代价负有责任的人却对其熟视无睹。
【答案解析】①本句为并列复合句，包含一个宾语从句和一个定语从句。②分句1中of the tragedy of the commoils为example的后置定语，补充说明这是一个什么例子，其中of the commons又作the tragedy的后置定语，说明the tragedy的主体。③分句2中介词短语of what is being lost为costs的后置定语，其中what is being lost为宾语从句，充当of的宾语；句末who引导的定语从句修饰the people，说明the people的特点。
【答案解析】①本句为主从复合句，包含一个时间状语从句。②主句为主谓宾结构，时间状语从句中after their symptoms have cleared up在从句中作时间状语，另外，clear up意为“清理，放晴”，结合句意，这里应理解为“症状好转”。逗号之后的部分，作伴随状语成分，这里表示病人的做法会造成的后果。