In nature, fighting is such an ever-present process that its behavior mechanisms and weapons are highly developed. Almost every animal capable of self-defense from the smallest upwards fights furiously when it is cornered and has no means of escape. However, in another respect the fight between hunter and hunted is not a fight in the real sense of the word: the stroke of the paw with which a lion kills his prey may resemble the movements that he makes when he strikes his rival, but the inner motives of the hunter are basically different from those of the fighter. The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression as little as the appetizing turkey which I have just seen hanging in the larder provokes mine. The difference in these inner drives can clearly be seen in the expression movements of the animal: a dog about to catch a hunted rabbit has the same kind of excited happy expression as he has when he greets his master or awaits some longed-for treat. Growling, laying the ears back, and other well-known expression movements of fighting behavior occur when predatory animals are afraid of a wildly resisting prey, and even then the expressions are only suggested. The opposite process, the counter-offensive, of the prey against the predator, is more nearly related to genuine aggression. Social animals in particular take every possible chance to attack the eating enemy that threatens their safety. This process is called "mobbing". The survival value of this attack on the hunter is self-evident. Even if the attacker is small and defenseless, he may do his enemy considerable harm. For example, if a sparrow hawk is pursued by a flock of warning wagtails, his hunting is spoiled for the time being. And many birds will mob an owl if they find one in the day-time, and drive it so far away that it will hunt somewhere else the next night. In some social animals such as jackdaws and many kinds of geese, the function of mobbing is particularly interesting. In jackdaws, its most important survival value is to teach the young inexperienced birds what a dangerous eating-enemy looks like, which they do not know instinctively. For just such educational reasons, geese and ducks may gather together in intense excitement to learn that a fox—anything furry, red-brown, long-shaped and slinking—is extremely dangerous. Besides this didactic function, mobbing of predators by jackdaws and geese still has the basic, original one of making the enemy's life a burden. Jackdaws actively attack their enemy, and geese apparently intimidate it with their cries, their thronging and their fearless advance. The great Canada Geese will even follow a fox overland in a close phalanx, and I have never known a fox in this situation try to catch one of his tormentors. With ears laid back and a disgusted expression on his face, he glances back over his shoulder at the trumpeting flock and trots slowly—so as not to lose face—away from them. Among the larger, more defense-minded grazing animals which en masse are a match for even the biggest predators, mobbing is particularly effective;A. [■] According to reliable reports, zebras will molest even a leopard if they catch him on plain where cover is sparse.B. [■] Once, when I was out with my dog, I was obliged to jump into a lake and swim for safety when a herd of young cattle half encircled us and advanced threateningly;C. [■] And when he was in Southern Hungary during the First World War, my brother spent a pleasant afternoon up a tree with his Scotch terrier under his arm, because a herd of half-wild Hungarian swine, disturbed while grazing in the wood, encircled him. D. [■] Fortunately, the swine dispersed after they confirmed that my brother and his dog were not offensive.
单选题
The word provoke in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to______. A. cause B. intensify C. stop D. relieve
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是词汇题，考查考生通过上下文对provoke一词的理解。provoke有较多的意思，但在第二段涂黑的句子“The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression…”中，provoke的主语是狮子追捕的牛，宾语是“侵犯”，能联系两者的最恰当的词应该是“促使，引起，导致”。因此只有选项A中的cause意思最贴切，故应该选A。选项B(加强，强化)、选项C(停止)和选项D(减轻，解除)都不符合题意。
单选题
The word predatory in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to______. A. herbivorous B. insectivorous C. flesh-eating D. ferocious
单选题
The fight between the hunter and the hunted is not a real one because A. the fighter and the hunter have different movements B. the fighter may not necessarily kill its rival but the hunter does C. the fighter and the hunter have different motives D. the fighter and the hunter face different rivals
单选题
According to Paragraph 2, when a dog hunts a rabbit, he is______. A. happy B. angry C. aggressive D. anxious
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是事实信息题，主要考查考生抓住文章的重要信息和细节的能力。题目问：根据原文第二段的信息，判断当一条狗捕猎一只兔子时的情绪如何?在第二段中，作者提到在fight和hunting的过程中，动物具有不同的内在思想动机，并举出狗的例子加以说明。根据原文“a dog about to catch a hunted rabbit has the same kind of excited happy expression as he has when he greets his master or awaits some longed-for treat”可以判断捕猎时的狗的情绪是高兴、兴奋的，因此选A。
单选题
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The lion does not like the buffalo just as I do not like the turkey. B. The buffalo is not a kind of dangerous animal, so it is similar to a turkey. C. The lion considers the buffalo as food, so the buffalo causes little aggression. D. While hunting the hunted has no way to counter-attack, so the hunter is not very aggressive.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是句子简化题，考查考生能否理解文章中的某一复杂句，即是否具备用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。原文“The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression as little as the appetizing turkey which I have just seen hanging in the larder provokes mine”的意思是“一头即将被捕食的水牛不会激起狮子的进攻心理，就如同食品储藏室里我亲眼看着挂上去的美味可口的火鸡不会激起我的进攻心理一样”。作者通过这个比喻说明捕猎时动物的心理状态。D项的意思最贴切，即在捕猎中被捕动物无力反抗，因此捕食动物并没有多大的攻击性。A项说狮子不喜欢水牛，就如同我不喜欢火鸡一样，是错误信息；B项说水牛和火鸡类似，因为它并不危险，也不准确；C项虽然提到狮子对水牛的攻击心理不强，但是将原因理解成狮子把水牛当食物，也是不对的。
单选题
The word genuine in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______. A. great B. real C. severe D. sincere
单选题
According to Paragraph 3, the process of "mobbing" has survival value, because______. A. the attacker can kill its enemy in this way B. the attacker is huge enough to frighten the hunter away C. the attacker can escape from the hunter by running away D. the attacker can destroy the hunting and save himself
单选题
The word enemy in Paragraph 3 refers to______. A. attacker B. hunted C. hunter D. prey
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是指代题，考查考生认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。题目问：enemy指的是谁?根据原文“Even if the attacker is small and defenseless，he may do his enemy considerable harm”，可以判断enemy实际上指的是捕食动物hunter，而attacker其实指的是mobbing的动物，即hunted或者prey，因此该题选择C。
单选题
For some social animals like jackdaws, mobbing is important because______. A. the young birds can learn about the enemy's appearance B. these kinds of birds are born to know their enemy C. the young birds can escape to safe places by mobbing D. the young birds can learn to fight with their enemy
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是推论题，考查考生是否能够对文章中没有明确阐述但暗示了的信息作出推论。题目问：对于寒鸦等群居性动物，mobbing(成群暴动)为什么具有重要的意义?原文提到“the function of mobbing is particularly interesting．In jackdaws，its most important survival value is to teach the young inexperienced birds what a dangerous eating-enemy looks like，which they do not know instinctively(寒鸦等鸟类是通过mobbing的过程来教会幼鸟识别天敌的长相)”。因此A项的意思最贴切。
单选题
The word instinctively in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to______. A. clearly B. naturally C. completely D. safely
单选题
According to Paragraph 5, when followed by geese, a fox will______. A. be irritated and attack the geese B. run away at once and in a frightened way C. move slowly away so as not to lose face D. stop in front of the geese and facing them
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是事实信息题，主要考查考生抓住第五段重要信息和细节的能力。题目问：当一只狐狸被一群鹅追赶时，它会有什么样的行为?根据原文“The great Canada Geese will even follow a fox overland in a close phalanx，and I have never known a fox in this situation try to catch one of his tormentors．With ears laid back and a disgusted expression on his face，he glances back over his shoulder at the trumpeting flock and trots slowly—so as not to lose face—away from them”，我们知道，当大群鹅追赶狐狸时，狐狸会为了保存面子，慢慢地走开，并不会马上逃离。因此该题选C。选项A(狐狸会攻击鹅群)是错误的，选项B(狐狸会立即逃走)不正确，选项D(狐狸停下来注视鹅群)也不正确。
单选题
It can be inferred from the passage that the process of mobbing can be effective because______. A. the attackers are huge and strong animals B. the hunters are timid and easy to be frightened C. the hunters do not want to lose face and so move away D. the attackers are usually social and in a great number
单选题
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Moreover, the reaction of social attack against the wolf is so ingrained in domestic cattle and pigs that one can sometimes land oneself in danger. Where would the sentence best fit? A. Square Ａ. B. Square Ｂ. C. Square Ｃ. D. Square Ｄ.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】[解析] 本题是插话题，考查考生能否将特定的一句话插入顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。要做好此题，考生必须深入理解各句子间的词汇、语法和连接关系。所插话语“Moreover，the reaction of social attack against the wolf is so ingrained in domestic cattle and pigs that one can sometimes land oneself in danger”的意思是“由于对狼的集体攻击在家养的牛和猪身上非常根深蒂固，有时候会使狼陷入危险的境地”。这一句起承上启下的作用：上文讨论的是野生动物，所插话语讨论家养动物，而且有moreover做衔接，作者在下文所举的关于牛和猪的例子，就是为了说明所插话语。所以根据原文的上下文语境，可以确定该句子应该插入文章的第二个方框处，即选B。
问答题Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Almost all animals are capable of fighting and this process is always present in the nature.
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Answer Choices
A. Fighting among animals in nature is always filled with aggression. B. As a specific kind of fighting, hunting contains little aggression. C. The counter-offensive of fighting, a very common behavior in social animals, has many functions. D. Only social animals are capable of counter-offensive or mobbing. E. Domestic animals are more aggressive than wild animals in fighting. F. Fighting is so ingrained that even domestic animals are capable of mobbing.
【正确答案】
B. As a specific kind of fighting, hunting contains little aggression.
C. The counter-offensive of fighting, a very common behavior in social animals, has many functions.
F. Fighting is so ingrained that even domestic animals are capable of mobbing.